Southern Research Station scientists have examined emerging issues in a number of areas vital to the economic and ecological health of our southern forests. The Station recently released a tax planning guide entitled Estate Planning for Forest Landowners: What Will Become of Your Timberland? The guide addresses legal, accounting, and financial issues related to forested estates and provides guidelines and examples to aid forest owners in estate planning. Station scientists also examined the economic impacts of invasive species to forests in the United States, with findings that will inform the development of forest policy on invasive plants.

Station scientists also looked into the human dimensions of forest issues. Forest operations remain one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. Working with the U.S. Forest Equipment Stands Committee in the Society of Automotive Engineers and with the International Organization for Standardization, Station scientists examined materials used to protect machine operators. The results are being used to develop new standards for testing and classifying safety equipment.

Researching the risk of wildfire to local communities, Station scientists studied the relationship between fire risk and social vulnerability in five Southeastern States. Station scientists found that individuals or groups on the margins of society are generally less able to reduce fire risk or recover from the devastating effects of a fire disaster than those in more affluent parts of society.

Station scientists continued their work on the use of woody biomass to produce renewable energy, in particular, creating new and automated procedures, such as wood gasification as a means to produce carbon-neutral energy. Gasification turns wood products into flammable gas, which is burned to produce electricity. Efforts also are under way to convert the gas to liquid fuels such as ethanol.

Estate Planning for Forest Landowners

The Southern Research Station released a tax planning guide, Estate Planning for Forest Landowners: What Will Become of Your Timberland? The guide is an update of one of the most widely-used tax guides for family forest owners and the legal, accounting, financial, insurance, and forestry professionals who serve them. It covers effective use of both basic estate planning tools (including gifts, bequests, the marital deduction, the effective exemption amount, disclaimer, and deferral and extension of estate tax) and tools that are particularly useful with forest estates (including special use valuation and the exclusion for a qualified conservation easement).

The guide also covers insurance, trusts, and ownership of forest land by a business entity such as a family limited partnership or limited liability company as they relate to estate planning. The closing chapters summarize state estate, inheritance, and gift taxes and illustrate the benefit of planning - or the cost of not planning - a forest estate. The guide is available in paper and electronic form. For a copy in PDF format, go to http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs112.pdf . Contact: John Greene (jgreene01@fs.fed.us)

Economic Impacts of Invasive Species in Forests

A Station scientist led an interdisciplinary team in assessing methods for defining impacts of invasive species in U.S. forests. Although most introduced species are relatively innocuous, a few species ultimately cause irreversible economic and ecological impacts; for example, the chestnut blight functionally eradicated the American chestnut across eastern North America. Assessments of the economic costs and losses induced by nonnative forest pests are required for policy development and need to adequately account for all of the economic impacts induced by rare, highly damaging pests. The team proposed new methods for evaluating aggregate economic damages from forest-invasive species that quantify market and nonmarket impacts at microscales; the methods would provide aggregate estimates of impacts. Furthermore, the research indicates that the most effective policies for reducing impacts are policies that shift the burden of economic impacts from taxpayers and forest landowners to parties responsible for introducing or spreading invasives. Contact: Thomas Holmes (tholmes@fs.fed.us)

Wood Quality: Characterization of Loblolly Pine Growing in an Exotic Environment

The Station began working with researchers at Auburn University to evaluate wood quality as it relates to a spacing study for loblolly pine growing in Hawaii. Until now, most studies on these trees have focused on mortality and carrying capacity. These trees provide a unique opportunity to study the impact on wood quality for trees growing in an exotic environment having increased solar radiation and moderate year-round temperatures favoring almost continuous photosynthesis. To date, wood cores have been collected and analyzed by densitometry, and statistical analyses are ongoing. Contact: Tom Eberhardt (teberhardt@fs.fed.us)

Characterization of Wood and Woody Biomass: The Application of NIRVANA to Silvicultural Studies

Station research has shown that near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis, can be a powerful tool for the prediction of wood quality. While wood quality measurements are of utility, their determination can be both time and labor intensive, thus limiting their use where large sample sizes are concerned. This year, Station researchers demonstrated the applicability of the NIRVANA system to such studies, in particular the automated property assessment of increment cores. This system has been successfully applied to a set of longleaf cores obtained from a variety of sites within the Southeastern United States. Mechanical property models based on longleaf pine were applied to the NIR data, from which modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture predictions were obtained for the cores. These results, while promising, indicated the need for the inclusion of some of the new samples (from the various sites) into the calibration set to provide more robust models. Contact: Chi-Leung So ( cso@fs.fed.us ) and Leslie H. Groom (lgroom@fs.fed.us)

Improvement and Reuse of Solid Wood Products: Wood Shipping Recycling and Waste Trends in the United States

For more than 14 years, the Southern Research Station has worked with the Department of Wood Science and Forest Products at Virginia Tech to study the production, recovery/reuse, and disposal of wood shipping materials and products. In papers that report the results of a series of studies conducted over 14 years, Station researchers this year estimated the volumes of new materials used by the U.S. forest industry; characterized the types of wood materials; estimated the recovery, repair, reuse, and recycling of wood materials by firms within the industry; and estimated the volumes of pallets and containers landfilled or recycled at MSW and C&D landfills. The results describe life cycles of wood packaging and shipping materials and identify opportunities for increased utilization and/or higher value uses. Contact: Phil Araman (paraman@fs.fed.us)

Utilization of Southern Resources in Biobased Products: Bioenergy Production

The reclamation of energy from woody biomass is being addressed by Southern Research Station research through the use of an integrated gasification-combustion-electricity generation unit. The system can gasify wood chips, pellets, nut shells or other carbonaceous material, combust the gas and generate up to 25kW of electricity. In addition, efforts are underway to convert the gas to liquid transportation fuels such as synthetic diesel or ethanol, using catalytic and microbiological methods, respectively.

The gasifier, using southern pine and hardwoods as the feedstock, is integrated with a spark-ignited engine and electrical generator capable of producing 25kWe. Running at temperatures in excess of 800 °C and an equivalence ratio of 0.58, low levels of tar and char are produced. The producer gas is made up of approximately 18 percent carbon monoxide, 12 percent carbon dioxide, 2 percent hydrocarbons, and 11 percent hydrogen, with an energy content of about 3.9 MJ/m 3 . In addition, the system is being used to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology by supplying enough power to operate the Winn Ranger District office building, returning excess electricity to the utility grid. Contact: Thomas Elder ( telder@fs.fed.us ) and Leslie H. Groom (lgroom@fs.fed.us)

Harvesting Forest Understory for Energy Production

Station researchers looked into a largely ignored potential source of woody biomass: understory vegetation, e.g., small trees, shrubs, and large herbaceous plants. Working with Langdale Forest Industries, Supertrak, the Osceola National Forest, and Anderson, Station researchers tested an approach to harvest the understory, specifically a forestry mulching machine called the Biobaler, which uses a beefed-up agricultural round baler. Towed by a tractor, the Biobaler can fell and mulch stems up to 4 inches. The chopped material is fed into the baling chamber and compressed into 1000-lb packages of woody biomass, ready for transport and use. The treatment clears understory and may be effective in areas where prescribed fire or herbicides are restricted. In the study, the Biobaler collected about half of the understory material for removal, and the remainder was left in the stand.

The research supports the development of this new biomass harvesting concept by measuring productivity, bale properties, site impacts, and estimated costs. Based on the research findings and field observations, manufacturers have developed new versions of the equipment that have doubled the production rate and reduced downtime. The research findings are also being used by the National Forests as they consider alternative stand management methods. The research project won a Regional Forester's Award in Region 8. The latest version of the machine is under consideration for treating an invasive understory on the Apalachicola National Forest in 2010. Contact: John Klepac (jklepac@fs.fed.us)

Bundling Biomass with a Modified John Deere Slash Bundler

Working with Auburn University and John Deere, Station scientists developed a new biomass bundling concept that simplifies the machine design. The prototype machine uses the base B-380 John Deere Slash Bundler mounted on a motorized trailer rather than a woods-mobile forwarder. This should reduce the cost of the operation by about half with a similar reduction in the cost of producing biomass.

The prototype equipment has been developed and was recently demonstrated in Florida. Through field trials researchers will determine the production rates and costs, biomass characteristics and quality, and the effect of integrating biomass recovery into conventional logging operations.

The findings of this study will result in new commercially-viable equipment that can be included on a typical harvesting operation to collect logging residues. The production rates and costs will be available for use in computerized biomass harvesting models to provide land managers and planners another option to consider when collecting logging residues as a feedstock for energy production. Contact: Dana Mitchell (danamitchell@fs.fed.us)

Kids and Their Outdoor Recreation

Station researchers worked with counterparts from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville and the University of Georgia to collect data about how children spend their time outdoors. The focus of the National Kids Survey is on youth 6 to 19 years old.

According to survey results, 61 percent of children spend two or more hours outdoors on a typical weekday, while almost 77 percent spend two or more hours outdoors on a typical weekend day. The most popular activity reported was "just playing or hanging out outdoors" (83 percent), followed by biking, jogging, walking, skate boarding or similar activity (79 percent). Playing music or using other electronic devices outdoors was the third most popular activity, followed by playing or practicing team sports and reading/studying outdoors.

Researchers hope the database will give agencies like the Forest Service a better basis for aiming programs and education at boys and girls of different ages. Contact: H. Ken Cordell ( kcordell@fs.fed.us )

Wildland Fire Risk and Social Vulnerability

As part of a Joint Fire Science Project, Station researchers looked at the association between biophysical wildland fire risk and population groups, or communities, of social vulnerability in five Southeastern States-Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Researchers found that poorer communities were at greater risk from wildland fire than affluent communities. Most wildland fire risk studies do not include measurable indicators of social risk and relate them to biophysical risks. This is the first study of its kind conducted in the Southern United States. The results may be useful to state fire managers and others concerned with wildland fire risk reduction. Contact: Cassandra Y. Johnson (cjohnson09@fs.fed.us)

Promotion and support for the ECO model (previously i-Tree UFORE) in the Southern Region

ECO is a U.S. Forest Service developed model (Dave Nowak, NA) that calculates urban forests benefits based on tree inventory assessments. This is an important tool for communities interested in ecosystem services (e.g. carbon, air quality, and energy) and is of particular importance to the 965 (as of 05Aug09) U.S. cities that have signed on to the Mayors' Climate Protection Agreement and are currently working toward reducing their carbon footprint.

In 2009, Station researchers concentrated their i-Tree support into the ECO model. They engaged researchers at several universities to assist with an understanding of the model and its use as a campus management tool, and worked with a State-wide effort to standardize urban tree inventories compatible with ECO. The University of Florida provided insight into the SAS model that calculates urban tree benefits and has prepared a guide for Station researcher use when preparing inventory data for the model. This has led Station researchers to the conclusion that automated field and office data handling is critical for this tool.

The University of Auburn is conducting a Campus tree inventory to help test the applicability in managing campus settings. They are also investigating improved data collection techniques and will conduct regional training for ECO in FY10.

The University of Georgia, under a contract with the Georgia Forestry Commission, has created a "standard" for urban tree inventories that collects ECO suitable data and is investigating an additional tool to transfer that field data directly into the ECO database format. Contact: Dudley Hartel (dhartel@fs.fed.us)

Providing Safer Workplaces in Forest Operations

Working with the U.S. Forest Equipment Standards Committee in SAE and the International Organization for Standardization, Station researchers studied materials that protect machine operators from thrown object hazards. The basic research work examined the effects of material, temperature, and design variations on the risk of window failure. The results of the project were translated into a new standard for testing and classifying window materials that are used to protect operators. The outcome of this research work will affect forest equipment design around the world and improve safety in forest operations. Contact: Robert B. Rummer ( rrummer@fs.fed.us )

Regions 5 and 6 Presentations on Outdoor Recreation Trends

Presentations were made to both the Region 5 and Region 6 National Forest System Leadership Teams. The topic was primarily outdoor recreation trends in those respective regions and more broadly in the United States . Specifically covered were trends in nature-based recreation, such as occurs on National Forests. Nature-based recreation is defined as outdoor activities in forest or other natural settings. Both meetings highlighted recreation and the implications of Station research for national forest management and policy. Historical perspective was offered to help set the stage for looking at today's use of national forests. Contact: H. Ken Cordell ( kcordell@fs.fed.us )

Finding higher-valued products in forest restoration thinnings

2009 Products

Escobedo, Francisco; Seitz, Jennifer A.; Zipperer, Wayne 2009. Gainesville?s urban forest canopy cover. University of Florida-IFAS, EDIS FOR 215.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/34091

2009. Latinos and natural resources in the South. Leaves of Change, Issue 4. March 2009. http://www.interfacesouth.org/swuinet/files/Leaves%20of%20Change%20

Adams, K. 2009. Land ethic of African American landowners in South Carolina. In: 15th Annual International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, Vienna, Austria.

Andreu, A.; Hermansen-Baez, L.A. 2008. Fire in the South 2: The southern wildfire risk assessment. A report by the Southern Group of State Foresters.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/34087

Araman, Philip A. 2007. Potential advantages of curve sawing non-straight hardwood logs. Hardwood Matters. (70): 5, 10
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29370

Araman, Philip A.; Palmer, A Jefferson; Winn, Matthew F.; Kline, D Earl; 2009. Computerized training for the hardwood sawmill industry: The edging and trimmer trainer (version 3.0). General Technical Report SRS-116. Hot Springs, Arkansas: USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 235
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33410

Araman, Philip A.; Smith, Robert L.; Winn, Matthew F.; 2009. Survey studies how to reach primary hardwood producers with new information. General Technical Report SRS-116. Hot Springs, Arkansas: USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33421

Armstrong, M.; Siry, J.; Bowker, M 2009. Developing an Urban Forest Carbon Market. In: Siry, J.; Izlar, B.; Bettinger, P.; Harris, T.; Baldwin, S.; Merry, K.; Tye, T., eds. Proceedings of the 2008 Southern Forest Economics Workers Annual Meeting; Center for Forest Business, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.

Bond, Brian H.; Araman, Philip 2008. Effect of curve sawing on lumber recovery and warp of short cherry logs containing sweep. In: Jacobs, Douglass F.; Michler, Charles H., eds. 2008. Proceedings, 16th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; 2008 April 8-9; West Lafayette, IN. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-24. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 105-113.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/13918

Bowker, J.M.; Lim, S.H.; Cordell, H.C.; Green, G.T.; Rideout-Hanzak, S.; Johnson, C.J. 2009. Public opinions on wildland fire, fire risk, and fire recovery: Regional and racial perspectives. Journal of Forestry. 106-5(2008):68-76.

Brinberg, David; Kline, Earl; Alderman, Delton; Araman, Philip; Cesa, Ed; Milauskas, Steve; Walthousen, Tom; Wiedenbeck, Jan 2008. Exploring research priorities for the North American hardwood industry. Forest Products Journal 58(3):6-16
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/14589

Bush, R. J.; Araman, P. A. 2009. Material use and production changes in the U.S. wood pallet and container industry: 1992 to 2006. Pallet Enterprise 29(6): 38,40-43.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33790

Bush, Robert J.; Araman, Philip A.; Hager, E. Bradley 2007. Recovery, reuse and recycling by the United States wood packaging industry: 1993-2006. Proceedings, Dean''s Forum on the Environment - Virginia Tech. 172.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29361

Butry, David T. 2009. Fighting fire with fire: estimating the efficacy of wildfire mitigation programs using propensity scores. Environ Ecol Stat, Vol. 16:291-319
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33327

Catallo, W. James; Shupe, Todd F.; Eberhardt, Thomas L. 2008. Hydrothermal processing of biomass from invasive aquatic plants. Biomass and Bioenergy Volume 32 Issue 2 pp. 140 ? 145 2008
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/31657

Cho, S.H.; Bowker, J.M.; Poudyal, N.C.; Kim, G.C. 2009. Forestland ownership and wildlife hunting in the Southeastern United States: A spatial demand model. In: Siry, J.; Izlar, B.; Bettinger, P.; Harris, T.; Baldwin, S.; Merry, K.; Tye, T., eds. Proceedings of the 2008 Southern Forest Economics Workers Annual Meeting; Center for Forest Business, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.

Clark, Neil; Winn, Matthew; Araman, Philip 2009. Web-based tree crown condition evaluation training tool for urban and community forestry. General Technical Report SRS-116. Hot Springs, Arkansas: USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 23
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33422

Cline, Don; Yueh, Simon; Chapman, Bruce; Stankov, Boba; Gasiewski, Al; Masters, Dallas; Elder, Kelly; Kelly, Richard; Painter, Thomas H.; Miller, Steve; Katzberg, Steve; Mahrt, Larry. 2009. NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Airborne remote sensing. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 10(1): 338-346.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/32912

Cordell, H. Ken; Betz, Carter J.; Green, Gary T. 2009. National Kids Survey--Part I: How much time do kids spend outdoors? Retrieve on September 25, 2009, from http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/nrrt/nsre/IRISRec/IRISRec9rpt.pdf

Cordell, H. Ken; Betz, Carter J.; Green, Gary T. 2009. National Kids Survey--Part I: How much time do kids spend outdoors? Retrieve on September 25, 2009, from http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/nrrt/nsre/IRISRec/IRISRec9rpt.pdf

Cordell, H. Ken; Green, Gary T.; Betz, Carter J. 2009. Long-term national trends in outdoor recreation activity participation---1980 to now. Retrieved on September 25, 2009, from http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/nrrt/nsre/IRISRec/IRISRec12rpt.pdf

Cordell, H. Ken; Green, Gary T.; Betz, Carter J. 2009. Long-term national trends in outdoor recreation activity participation---1980 to now. Retrieved on September 25, 2009, from http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/nrrt/nsre/IRISRec/IRISRec12rpt.pdf

Eberhardt, Thomas L 2006. Polymer-treated woody biomass: a filtration medium for removing phosphate from water. Environmental Science and Technology 6 p.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29090

Eberhardt, Thomas L. 2005. Characterization and treatment of wood fiber for phosphate removal from water. In: Proceedings of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 1: 355-361
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/24933

Eberhardt, Thomas L. 2007. A reassessment of the compressive strength properties of southern yellow pine bark. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 57(4): 95-97
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/27190

Eberhardt, Thomas L. 2009. Characterization of southern yellow pine bark layers by Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 138-143.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33653

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Elder, Thomas; Labbe, Nicole 2007. Analysis of ethanol-soluble extractives in southern pine wood by low-field proton NMR. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Vol. 27: 35-47
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29089

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Min, Soo-Hong 2008. Biosorbents prepared from wood particles treated with anionic polymer and iron salt: Effect of particle size on phosphate adsorption. Bioresource Technology Vol. 99 Issue 3, 2008 626?630
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/31649

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Min, Soo-Hong; Han, James S. 2006. Phosphate removal by refined aspen wood fiber treated with carboxymethyl cellulose and ferrous chloride. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97: 2371-2376
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29088

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Reed, Karen G. 2005. Grinding and classification of pine bark for use as plywood adhesive filler. In: Proceedings of 59th Appita annual conference and exhibition incorporating 13th ISWFPC (International Symposium on Wood, Fibre, and Pulping Chemistry). Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Appita: 109-113
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/28335

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Reed, Karen G. 2006. Strategies for improving the performance of plywood adhesive mix fillers from southern yellow pine bark. Forest Prod. J., Vol. 56(10): 64-68
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/28305

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Reed, Karen G.; So, Chi-Leung 2009. Partitioning of pine bark components to obtain a value-added product for plywood manufacture. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 302-309.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33800

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Sheridan, Philip M.; Mahfouz, Jolie M. 2009. Monoterpene persistence in the sapwood and heartwood of longleaf pine stumps: assessment of differences in composition and stability under field conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39:1357-1365.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33752

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Sheridan, Philip M.; Mahfouz, Jolie M.; So, Chi-Leung 2006. Old resinous turpentine stumps as an indicator of the range of longleaf pine in Southeastern Virginia. In: Longleaf Pine: seeing the forest through the trees, Proceedings of the Sixth Longleaf Alliance Regional Conference. 6 p.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29091

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Sheridan, Philip M.; Reed, Karen G. 2009. Surfing the Koehler Curve: revisiting a method for the identification of longleaf pine stumps and logs. In: Bowersock, Elizabeth P., Hermann, Sharon M. and Kush, John S., comps. 2009. Forestry in a changing World: New Challenges and Opportunities. Proceedings of The Longleaf Alliance seventh Regional Conference and Forest Guild Annual Meeting. October 28-November 2, 2008. Sandestin, FL. Longleaf Alliance Report No. 14: 85-86
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33611

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; So, Chi-Leung; Herlihy, Amy H.; So, Po-Wah 2006. Use of gadolinium chloride as a contrast agent for imaging spruce knots by magnetic resonance. Wood and Fiber Science, Vol. 38(3): 527-534
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/24536

Eberhardt, Thomas L.; So, Chi-Leung; Protti, Andrea; So, Po-Wah. 2009. Gadolinium chloride as a contrast agent for imaging wood composite components by magnetic resonance. Holzforschung. 63:75-79.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33749

Eberhardt, Thomasl L.; Li, Xiaobo; Shupe, Todd F.; Hse, Chung Y. 2006. Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) utilization: characterization of extractives and cell-wall chemistry. Wood and Fiber Science, Vol. 39(2): 319-324
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/28303

Elder, Kelly; Cline, Don; Goodbody, Angus; Houser, Paul; Liston, Glen E.; Mahrt, Larry; Rutter, Nick 2009. NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Ground-based and near-surface meteorological observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 10(1): 330-337.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/32911

Elder, Kelly; Cline, Don; Liston, Glen E.; Armstrong, Richard 2009. NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Field measurements of snowpack properties and soil moisture. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 10(1): 320-329.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/32910

Escobedo, F.; Seitz, J.; Zipperer, W. 2009. The effect of Gainesville's urban trees on energy use of residential buildings. University of Florida-IFAS, EDIS FOR 211. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_fr273

Escobedo, Francisco; Seitz, Jennifer A.; Zipperer, Wayne 2009. Air pollution removal and temperature reduction by Gainesville's urban forest. University of Florida-IFAS, EDIS FOR 216.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/34092

Escobedo, Francisco; Seitz, Jennifer A.; Zipperer, Wayne 2009. Carbon sequestration and storage by Gainesville's urban forest. University of Florida-IFAS, EDIS FOR 210.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/34089

Espinoza, Omar A.; Bond, Brian H.; Araman, Philip 2007. A survey of Bolivian lumber drying operations. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 57(6): 88-92
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29066

Francisco Escobedo, Francisco; Seitz, Jennifer A.; Zipperer, Wayne 2009. Gainesville's urban forest structure and composition. University of Florida-IFAS, EDIS FOR 214.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/34088

Gao, Heng; Shupe, Todd F.; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Hse, Chung Y. 2007. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the wood and bark of Port OrFord cedar. J. Wood. Sci., Vol. 53: 147-152
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/28838

Gao, Heng; Shupe, Todd F.; Hse, Chung Y.; Eberhardt, Thomas L. 2006. Antioxidant activity of extracts from the bark of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murrary) Parl. Holzforschung, Vol. 60: 459-462
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/24580

Godsey L.D., D.E. Mercer, R.K. Grala, S.C. Grado and J.R.R. Alavalapati. (2009) Agroforestry Economics and Policy. In: H.E. Garrett (ed.), North American Agroforestry: an Integrated Science and Practice 2nd Edition. American. Society of Agronomy. Madison, WI. Pp. 315-337.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33405

Hamner, Peter; White, Marshall S.; Araman, Philip A. 2006. The effect of curve sawing two-sided cants from small diameter hardwood sawlogs on lumber and pallet part yields. Forest Products Journal. 56(10): 80-85.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29368

Hamner, Peter; White, Marshall S.; Araman, Philip A. 2007. The frequency and level of sweep in mixed hardwood saw logs in the eastern United States. Forest Products Journal. 57(9): 23-27.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/29369

Hermansen-Baez, Annie; Pawlitz, Rachel. 2009. Gui Rapida de Arbustos Firewise (?Quick Guide to Firewise Shrubs? Spanish translation). Translated by Astrid Delgado. http://www.interfacesouth.org/products/pdf/Shrub_Flammability_es.pdf

Hermansen-Baez, L. Annie 2009. Changing roles in the southern United States. In: Smith, G.L.M.; Buse, L.J., compiled. Forest Research Information Paper No. 172. Evolving challenges and changing expectations for forestry extension and technology transfer: Meeting the needs of people and forests around the globe. Popular summaries of IUFRO conference held 2008 September 21-26; Mattawa and Ottawa, ON.

Hermansen-Baez, L. Annie. 2009. InterfaceSouth: Providing resources for a changing landscape. In: Smith, G.L.M.; Buse, L.J., compiled. Forest Research Information Paper No. 172; Evolving challenges and changing expectations for forestry extension and technology transfer: Meeting the needs of people and forests around the globe. Popular summaries of IUFRO conference held 2008 September 21-26; Mattawa and Ottawa, ON.

Hse, Chung; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. 2009. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: proceedings; 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China, People's Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 562 pages.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33650

Hse, Chung-Yun. 2009. Development of melamine modified urea formaldehyde resins based o nstrong acidic pH catalyzed urea formaldehyde polymer. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 59(4): 19-25
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33496

Hse, Chung-Yun; Fu, Feng; Pan, Hui 2008. Melamine-modified urea formaldehyde resin for bonding particleboards. Forest Products Journal Vol. 58, No. 4
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/31644

Hse, Chung-Yun; Lin, Yin 2009. Effects of metal salt catalysts on yeast cell growth in ethanol conversion. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 476-481.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33802

Hse, Chung-Yun;Fu, Feng; Pan, Hui 2009. Bond quality of phenol-based adhesives containing liquefied creosote-treated wood. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 87-95.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33652

Hwang, Chin-yin; Hse, Chung-yun; Shupe, Todd F. 2008. Effects of raw materials on the properties of wood fiber-polyethylene composites--part 3: effect of a compatibilizer and wood adhesive on the interfacial adhesion of wood/plastic composites. Forest Products Journal, Vol. 59(5): 66-72
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Jarrett, A.; Gan, J.; Johnson, C.; Munn, I.A. 2009. Landowner awareness and adoption of wildfire programs in the southern United States. Journal of Forestry. 107(3):113-118.

Jiang, Zehui; Qin, Daochun; Hse, Chung-Yun; Kuo, Monlin; Luo, Zhaohui; Wang, Ge; Yu, Yan 2008. Preliminary study on chicken feather protein-based wood adhesives. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 28: 240-246.
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Johnson, C.J.; Bowker, J.M. 2009. African American Land Memories. In: Nelson, M.P.; Callicott, J.B., eds. The wilderness debate rages on: Continuing the great new wilderness debate. University of Georgia Press:(2008) 325-348.

Johnson, C.Y.; Halfacre, A.C.; Hurley, P.T. 2009. Resistant place identities in rural Charleston County, South Carolina: Cultural, environmental, and racial politics in the Sewee to Santee Area. Human Ecology Review. 16(1):1-16.

Kuehler, Eric 2009. Urban forest strike teams assist municipalities after natural disasters. Volume 2, Issue 1. http://sfrc.ufl.edu/urbanforestry.

Lee, Sangyeob; Shupe, Todd F.; Hse, Chung Y. 2008. Thermosets as compatibilizers at the isotactic polypropylene film and thermomechanical pulp fiber interphase. Composite Interfaces, Vol. 15, No. 2?3, pp. 221?230 (2008)
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Lee, Sangyeob; Shupe, Todd F.; Hse, Chung Y. 2009. Plasma enhanced modification of TMP fiber and its effect on tensile strength of wood fiber/PP composite. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 212-223.
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Li, X.B.; Shupe, T.F.; Peter, G.F.; Hse, C.Y.; Eberhardt, T.L. 2007. Chemical changes with maturation of the bamboo species phyllostachys pubescens. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, Vol. 19(1): 6-12
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Lim, S.H.; Bowker, J.M.; Johnson, C.Y.; Cordell, H.K. 2009. Perspectives on prescribed fire in the South: Does Ethnicity matter?. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 33-1(2009):17-24.
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McSweeny, James D.; Rowell, Roger M.; Chen, George C.; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Min Soo-Hong 2008. Periodate and hypobromite modification of Southern pine wood to improve sorption of copper ion. BioResources. Vol. 3, no. 1 (2008): Pages 204-216.
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McSweeny, James D.; Rowell, Roger M.; Chen, George C.; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Min, Soo-Hong 2006. Removal of heavy metals from water with forest based materials. 232nd ACS National Meeting and Exposition, September 10-14, San Francisco, CA : preprints of extended abstracts, vol. 46, no. 2, paper no. 206. [S.l. : s.n.], 2006: pages 283-288.
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Min, S.-H., Eberhardt, Min Jang 2007. Base-treated juniper fiber media for removing heavy metals in stormwater runoff. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 16, No.5 2007, 731-738
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Mitchell, Hal L.; White, Marshall; Araman, Philip; Hamner, Peter. 2008. Researchers propose single grade rule for evaluating hardwood pallet cants. Pallet Enterprise 28(10): 54-62.
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Pan, Hui; Hse, Chung-Yun; Shupe, Todd F. 2009. Comparative study on liquefaction of creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood and untreated southern pine wood: effects of acid catalyst content, liquefaction time, temperature, and phenol to wood ratio. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 102-109.
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Pan, Hui; Hse, Chung-Yun; Shupe, Todd F. 2009. Investigation of bio-composites using Novolac type liquefied wood resin: effects of liquefaction and fabrication conditions. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 73-81.
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Pan, Hui; Hse, Chung-Yun; Shupe, Todd F. 2009. Wood liquefaction and its application to Novolac resin. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting; 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People's Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 39-50.
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Pan, Hui; Shupe, Todd F.; Hse, Chung-Yun. 2008. Synthesis and cure kinetics of liquefied wood/phenol/formaldehyde resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 108:1837-1844.
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Pan, Hui; Shupe, Todd F.; Hse, Chung-Yun. 2009. Physical and mechanical properties of bio-composites from wood particles and liquefied wood resin. In: J. R. Shelly; M. E. Puettmann; K. E. Skog; H. -S. Han. eds. Woody Biomass Utilization: Challenges and Opportunities. Madison, WI: Forest Products Society: 43-46.
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Perkins, Brian; Smith, Bob; Araman, Philip 2008. Analyzing the feasibility of utilizing small diameter hardwood timber for solid wood products and residues. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-111. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 6 p.
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Piao, Cheng; Shupe, Todd F.; Gibson, Mark; Hse, Chung Y. 2009. CCA retention and its effects on the bonding performance of decommissioned treated wood: a preliminary study. 104th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association; 2008 May 18-20; Portland, Oregon. AWPA: 246-255.
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Piao, Cheng; Shupe, Todd F.; Tang, R.C.; Hse, Chung Y. 2008. Finite element modeling of small-scale tapered wood-laminated composite poles with biomimicry features. Wood and Fiber Science, Volume 40 Issue 1, 2008, pp. 3 ? 13
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Pickens, James B.; Everett, Aaron; Noble, Scott; Baumgras, John E.; Araman, Philip A.; Waniger, Conrad; Steele, Al 2006. Intensive hardwood log bucker training using HW Buck dramatically improves value recovery. Proceedings, Society of American Foresters 2005 National Convention. 9 pp.
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Poudyal, N.C.; Hodges, D.G.; Bowker, J.M.; Cordell, H.K. 2009. Evaluating natural resource amenities in a human life expectancy production function. Journal of Forest Policy and Economics. 11(2009):53-59.

Prestemon, Jeffrey P. 2009. Statistical power of intervention analyses: simulation and empirical application to treated lumber prices. Forest Science, Vol. 55(1): 48-63
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Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Turner, James A.; Buongiorno, Joseph; Zhu, Shushuai; Li, Ruhong 2008. Some timber product market and trade implications of an invasive defoliator: the case of Asian lymantria in the United States. Journal of Forestry, Vol. 106(8): 409-415
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Rutter, Nick; Essery, Richard; Pomeroy, John; Altimir, Nuria; Andreadis, Kostas; Baker, Ian; Barr, Alan; Bartlett, Paul; Boone, Aaron; Deng, Huiping; Douville, Herve; Dutra, Emanuel; Elder, Kelly; and others 2009. Evaluation of forest snow processes models (SnowMKIP2). Journal of Geophysical Research. 114: D06111, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011063.
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Shupe, Todd F.; Groom, LEslie H.; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Pesacreta, Thomas C.; Rials, Timothy G. 2008. Selected mechanical and physical properties of Chinese tallow tree juvenile wood. Forest Products Journal, 59(4): 90-93
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Shupe, Todd F.; Groom, Leslie H.; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Pesacreta, Thomas C.; Rials, Timoty G. 2008. Selected mechanical and physical properties of Chinese tallow tree juvenile wood. Forest Products Journal Vol. 58, No. 4 pp. 90 - 93 2008
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Shupe, Todd F.; Piao, Cheng; Hse, Chung Y. 2009. Closed loop preservative-treated wood recycling program. 104th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association; 2008 May 18-20; Portland, Oregon. AWPA: 48.

Shupe, Todd F.; Piao, Cheng; Hse, Chung Y. 2009. The potential of wood-based composite poles. 104th Annual Meeting of the American Wood Protection Association; 2008 May 18-20; Portland, Oregon. AWPA: 181-192.
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Smith, Robert L.; Bailey, David; Araman, Philip A. 2007. Mechanical and chemical properties of CCA-treated lumber removed from spent residential decks. Proceedings, Wood Protection 2006. 267.
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So, Chi-Leung; Eberhardt, Thomas L. 2006. Rapid analysis of inner and outer bark composition of southern yellow pine bark from industrial sources. Holz Als Roh- und Werkstoff, Vol. 64: 463-467
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So, Chi-Leung; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Hsu, Ernest; Via, Brian K.; Hse, Chung Y. 2007. Infrared spectroscopic monitoring of urea addition to oriented strandboard resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 105: 733-738
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So, Chi-Leung; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Lebow, Stan T.; Groom, Leslie H. 2006. A preliminary study of preservative retention and penetration in ACQ-treated timbers using near infrared spectroscopy. Wood Protection, 2006 : March 21-23, 2006 ... New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Madison, WI : Forest Products Society, 2006: Pages 367-370.
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So, Chi-Leung; Lebow, Stan T.; Eberhardt, Thomas L.; Groom, Leslie H.; Shupe, Todd F. 2009. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to preservative-treated wood. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 125-130.
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Styer, D.M.; Chappelka, A.H. 2009. Urbanization and atmospheric Deposition: Use of bioindicators in determining patterns of land-use change in west Georgia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 200:371-386.

Thygesen, Lisbeth G.; Elder, Thomas 2009. Moisture in untreated, acetylated, and furfurylated Norway Spruce monitored during drying below fiber saturation using time domain NMR. Wood and Fiber Science 41(2): 194-200.
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Trusty, Jennifer L.; Lockaby, B. Graeme.; Zipperer, WayneC.; Goertzen, Leslie R. 2008. Horticulture hybrid cultivars and exotic plant invasion: a case study of Wisteria (Fabaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society. 158:593-601.
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Wang, Ge; Jiang, Zhehui; Hse, Chung Y.; Shupe, Todd F. 2009. Physical and mechanical properties of flakeboard reinforced with bamboo strips. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 402-411.
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Winn, Matthew F.; Araman, Philip A. 2007. Utilization options for decadent eastern hemlock timber. Proceedings, Dean''s Forum on the Environment - Virginia Tech. 173.
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Winn, Matthew F.; Lee, Sang-Mook; Araman, Philip A. 2007. Urban tree crown health assessment system: a tool for communities and citizen foresters. Proceedings, Emerging Issues Along Urban-Rural Interfaces II: Linking Land-Use Science and Society. 180-183.
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Worthen, D. I.;Johnson, C. 2009. Cultural dimensions of landscape: Change in the Florida Panhandle (Franklin County). In: 15th Annual International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, Vienna, Austria. Abstract.

Yang, Zhong; Jiang, Zhehui; Hse, Chung Y.; Shupe, Todd F. 2009. Strength reduction in slash pine (Pinus elliotii) wood caused by decay fungi. In: Hse, Chung-Yun; Jiang, Zehui; Kuo, Mon-Lin, eds. Advanced biomass science and technology for bio-based products: Proceedings of the meeting: 2007 May 23-25; Beijing, China. People?s Republic of China: Chinese Academy of Forestry: 383-390.
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Yu, H.Q.; Jiang, Z.H.; Hse, C.Y.; Shupe, T.F. 2008. Selected physical and mechanical properties of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Journal of Tropical Forest Science, Vol. 20(4): 258-263
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Zarnoch, S.J.; Bowker, J.M.; Cordell, H.K.; Owens, T.M.; Ginn, A.; Larson, L.; Green, G.T. 2009. Visitation on Appalachian Trail: Results of a pilot survey. In: Schrader, J., compiler. 31st Annual Southeastern Recreation Research (SERR) Conference Book of Abstracts, Athens, Georgia, February 22-24, 2009. p. 58-60. (Abstract)

Zipperer, W.C.; Guntenspergen, G.R. 2009. Vegetation composition and structure of forest patches along urban-rural gradients. In: McDonnell, M.J.; Hahns, A.K.; Breuste, J.H., eds. Ecology of Cities and Towns. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 274-286.

Zipperer, Wayne C. 2009. Invasive species: Here today, here tomorrow. June 2009. Volume 2, Issue 2. http://sfrc.ufl.edu/urbanforestry.

Zipperer, Wayne C. 2009. The future of Florida?s urban forest. January 2009. Volume 2, Issue 1. http://sfrc.ufl.edu/urbanforestry.

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