The restoration of our Southern forest ecosystems has become increasingly important to ensure future water quality, wildlife habitat, and other ecosystem services provided by forests. Forest Ecosystem Restoration and Management provides landowners and managers with knowledge and tools to help restore, enhance, and manage forests in a changing environment.

In a recent study in western North Carolina, Southern Research Station scientists investigated the importance of riparian zones to bats and salamanders and tested the effects of riparian zone width on these important groups, which were chosen for study due to their prominent roles in forested ecosystems of the Southern Appalachians, their associations with riparian areas, and grave concerns about their conservation status. Results suggest that a 100-foot riparian buffer is needed to maintain healthy bat and salamander communities in the Southern Appalachians, and that mature intact forests close to streams are important for bats. These findings can be used by forest managers to maintain sufficient habitat across the landscape to help conserve bat and salamander populations.

Widespread oak decline is threatening eastern U.S. oak forests. A Station scientist and a university partner used LANDIS, a forest succession and disturbance model, to compare the extent of oak decline under current and historic fire regimes in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas. At present, 45 percent of the sites in the 1.1 million-acre study area are classified as potential oak decline sites. After 150 simulation years, 30 percent of the sites are classified as potential oak decline sites under the current fire regime, compared to 20 percent under the historic fire regime. Findings suggest that restoring fire to this landscape could help reduce oak decline and allow white oak to become established in time to mitigate future forest health impacts of climate change.

Longleaf pine forests are important ecosystems in the Southern United States, with much recent emphasis placed on how best to restore and manage them for multiple resource values. Although methods of even-aged management for the species are well known, techniques for its uneven-aged management are poorly understood and largely untested. Station researchers are testing the effectiveness of group selection and single-tree selection (uneven-aged) methods for regenerating longleaf pine, and have developed and applied a new silvicultural technique, the Proportional-B (Pro-B) Method, which allows managers to more easily and practically apply selection silviculture in the forest. This new method makes uneven-aged management (i.e., selection silviculture) more cost-effective and accessible than in the past.

Managing Riparian Zones for Wildlife Conservation

Riparian zones are important habitats for many wildlife species in the southern Appalachians. However, there are still many questions about the best methods for managing riparian forests, particularly those associated with small headwater streams. Forest management activities in riparian zones may have significant impacts on wildlife, but before we can predict the effects of these activities, we need more information on how animals use small streams, respond to forest removal near small streams, and perceive as the functional width of riparian zones . We used observational and experimental methods in the Nantahala National Forest in western North Carolina to determine the importance of riparian zones to bats and salamanders and test the effects of riparian zone width on these important taxa. These groups were chosen for study due to their prominent roles in forested ecosystems of the southern Appalachians, their associations with riparian areas, and grave concerns about their conservation status.

Results of our studies suggest that a 100-foot riparian buffer is needed to maintain healthy bat and salamander communities in the southern Appalachians. For example, two-lined salamander numbers were greatly reduced in areas with a 0- or 30-foot buffer compared to control sites and one with a 100-foot buffer. Experimental evidence suggests that the decline in numbers of salamanders is the result of their leaving the habitats when timber harvests are conducted close to streams (0-30 feet). Our results also suggest that mature intact forests close to streams are important for bats. For example, we found that female northern long-eared bats select large diameter snags in cove forests containing numerous intermittent streams and in close proximity to perennial streams for roosting. Male tri-colored bats also selected large hardwood trees in mature stands that were close to perennial streams as roost sites. These findings can be used by forest managers to maintain sufficient habitat across the landscape for these two important taxa and help conserve their populations. Contact : Susan Loeb ( sloeb@fs.fed.us )

Sustainable Management in the Missouri Ozarks

Successful long-term examples of sustainable forest management on nonindustrial private forest lands are unusual to find, and even more unusual to document. In central Missouri, a stellar example is found in the Missouri Ozarks on the Pioneer Forest, a privately owned 150,000-acre working forest where the science and art of forest management has been practiced for more than 50 years. In 2009, conference proceedings honoring the 50 th anniversary of the Pioneer Forest were published.

Pioneer Forest embodies the stewardship ethic of its founder and long-time owner Leo Drey. Through his leadership and commitment, Drey has influenced many developments in conservation by pioneering in landscape restoration, natural areas preservation, forest recreation, and sustainable ecosystem management. In his daily activities and in his remarkably consistent and public-spirited vision over the half century of his ownership, Drey has set a new standard for what it means to be a private forest landowner, not only in the Ozark Mountains but also in the Nation.

The papers discuss how this half century of management has contributed to forest restoration and sustainability on the Pioneer Forest. Papers in the volume describe the history and ecology of the region, the scientific basis and method of implementation of the uneven-aged forest management practices used across the ownership, and the economic and social implications of private forest land ownership. Collectively, the proceedings papers offer a vision for the stewardship ethic of nonindustrial private lands throughout the Ozark region and beyond, and provide a model of sustainable forest management for public and nonindustrial private forest landowners. Contact: Jim Guldin (jguldin@fs.fed.us)

Oak Forests in the Year 2140, Climate Change Mitigation, and Helping Forest Managers

The oak tree is a symbol of American forests, and from earliest times, oaks have held a prominent place in human culture. Oak-dominated forests are extensive, representing 51 percent of eastern U.S. forests. However, widespread oak decline has threatened these forests.

An SRS scientist and a university professor used LANDIS, a highly complex forest succession and disturbance model, to delineate the extent and dispersion of oak decline under current and historic fire regimes in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas. At present, 45 percent of the sites in the 1.1-million-acre study area are classified as potential oak decline sites. After 150 simulation years, 30 percent of the sites are classified as potential oak decline sites under the current fire regime; 20 percent of the sites are potential oak decline sites under the historic fire regime. These findings suggest that restoring fire to this landscape could promote changes that would help reduce oak decline and allow advance regeneration of white oak to become established prior to climate impacts, thus mitigating some future forest health impacts of climate change. This information is important to forest managers throughout the region.

Over the next few years, we will explore how prescribed burning, fire regimes (natural and historic fire), forest harvesting, and planting impact ecosystem health, and investigate the likelihood of future oak decline. We will develop detailed prescriptions in collaboration with forest managers and model the long-term outcome of those prescriptions on forest vegetation. This will predict the outcome of management prescriptions and help clarify the long-term outcome of various management options for managers. Contact : Marty Spetich ( mspetich@fs.fed.us )

Long-Term Carbon Sequestration and the Impacts of Hurricane Katrina

The Gulf Coast of the United States is highly prone to frequent and severe hurricanes. Hurricane Katrina, for example, damaged more than 5.5 million acres of forest, a result that may have been exacerbated by large scale exploitation of longleaf pine forests over the past century as well as by subsequent conversion of these sites largely to loblolly pine plantations. We are revisiting an experiment established in 1960 at the Harrison Experimental Forest in Saucier, MS, where longleaf, loblolly, and slash pines were planted under different intensities of management. Although the longleaf pines initially grew slower, they had matched loblolly pine growth after 25 years, and due to increased growth rate along with lower mortality, had the highest volume of timber after 49 years. Fertilization at stand establishment increased productivity over 47 years. Longleaf stands only suffered 15 percent damage from Hurricane Katrina compared to 40 percent in loblolly pine stands. We are now quantifying the impacts of stand culture, species, and hurricane damage on productivity and above- and below-ground carbon sequestration. Increased carbon sequestration by the more hurricane-resistant longleaf pine may provide a co-benefit that provides further incentives for landowners restore the species across the region. Contact: Kurt Johnsen (kjohnsen@fs.fed.us)

Sustaining Longleaf Pine Forest Ecosystems through a Comparative Analysis of Reproduction Techniques

Longleaf pine forests are important ecosystems in the southern United States. Station scientists have been studying how best to restore and manage the ecosystems for multiple resource values. Although methods of even-aged management for this species are well known, techniques for its uneven-aged management are poorly understood and largely untested. By developing and evaluating new uneven-aged management approaches for longleaf pine, the number of options available to forest managers will be increased so that a broader range of resource management values can be accommodated when restoring and sustaining these unique ecosystems.

Since 2004, Station researchers have conducted a comparative analysis of uneven-aged and even-aged management techniques for sustaining longleaf pine forests. In addition to two traditional shelterwood (even-aged) methods, researchers are testing the effectiveness of group selection and single-tree selection (uneven-aged) methods for regenerating longleaf pine. Early results have been encouraging and were shared with land managers and forest researchers at a series of workshops in the field.

In implementing the two selection treatments, researchers developed and applied a new silvicultural technique, the Proportional-B (Pro-B) Method, which allows for more easily and practically applied selection silviculture in the forest. Results so far confirm that the Proportional-B Method is easy for forest personnel to learn and apply, and produces the desired stand outcomes in the field. This new method makes uneven-aged management, i.e., selection silviculture, more cost-effective and therefore more accessible than before. Wider application could revolutionize how foresters manage the forests for a broader range of structures and resource values. Preliminary discussions with colleagues have considered the possibility of conducting series of field tests of the Pro-B Method in a number of forests throughout North America, Europe, and elsewhere. This new method for applying selection silviculture may ultimately prove useful in a wide variety of forest ecosystems. Contact: Dale Brockway ( dbrockway@fs.fed.us )

Roosting by Big Brown Bats and Evening Bats in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas

Insectivorous bats make up the largest proportion of bats in North America. These bats are important components in forest ecosystems because they consume vast quantities of insects, including forest pests. Most bats roost during the day in locations that provide safety from predators and weather. Consequently, roosts are one of the most important factors in the survival of bats. Although big brown bats and evening bats are abundant throughout the United States, little is known about the types of roosts they use in forests of the Southeast, or how forest management affects the availability of adequate roosts.

Station researchers found that big brown bats in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas roosted exclusively in dead pine trees and usually under loose bark. Furthermore, big brown bats tended to roost in areas that had been thinned and burned, and these forests were more open than forests under minimal forest management. Although older forests that had not been thinned were abundant throughout the study area, big brown bats rarely roosted in those areas. Male evening bats roosted in a variety of places, including live and dead pines and deciduous trees as well as holes in the ground. In contrast to big brown bats, male evening bats roosted mostly in older forests that had not been thinned. Results indicate that maintaining a supply of large, dead pines in open forests, including areas undergoing partial harvest, would provide roosting habitat for big brown bats, but a variety of forest types, ages, and management intensities would benefit many species of bats in the Ouachita Mountains. Contact: Roger Perry ( rperry@fs.fed.us )

Longleaf Pine Plantation Establishment on Poorly Drained Sites: Implications for Restoring and Maintaining Biodiversity

The longleaf pine ecosystem, much valued for both its economic value and its biological diversity, has been much reduced across the geographical range. Its restoration has become a management goal shared by public and private landowners. Though methods to establish longleaf pine seedlings on well-drained upland sites have been tested, there has been little effort to evaluate the effects of establishing and managing longleaf pine plantations on poorly drained sites. An Station team continues to study the development of longleaf pine stands planted on poorly drained sites on Camp Lejeune on the outer coastal plain of North Carolina. The original study objectives were to evaluate the short-term effects of representative site preparation methods on pine seedling growth and on the structure and diversity of the ground layer vegetation. Results showed that benefits of site preparation may come at the expense of the structure of the herbaceous community. There are direct effects on target plant groups, but there are also potential indirect effects related to documented changes in prescribed fire behavior following site preparation. Continued study of this well-documented field experiment will fill an information gap that links traditional silviculture with longleaf pine ecosystem restoration on wet sites.

Ongoing research efforts are aimed at documenting the patterns of development and rates of change in the ground layer vegetation, and understanding the processes that control temporal and spatial patterns. Coupled with previous studies on well-drained sites, results of this work may be used to construct general models of plant community development that may be applied to changing site conditions, as may be experienced during periods of climate change. Contact: Joan L. Walker (joanwalker@fs.fed.us)

Sequencing the Genome of the Fusiform Rust Fungus

Loblolly and slash pines are intensively-cultured softwood species in the Southeastern United States, where approximately 1.7 billion loblolly and 200 million slash pine seedlings are planted each year. Traditionally, southern pines have been grown for pulp and lumber, but recently they have been receiving more attention as a renewable plant feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Like all organisms, pines suffer from diseases. Fusiform rust is the most significant fungal disease limiting pine productivity in the Southeastern United States. A recent proposal by Station researchers and colleagues for a reference genome sequence of the fusiform rust fungus was accepted by the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Community Sequencing Program. Data is scheduled for collection and assembly in fiscal year 2010 and for public availability in late 2011 through a Web portal housed at the DOE's Joint Genome Institute. Full genome sequence data through this portal has the potential for far-reaching impacts.

There is an immediate need to develop a thorough understanding of rust species that are serious pathogens on forest trees, such as the closely related introduced rust pathogen which causes a devastating canker disease (white pine blister rust) on five-needled pines. But i nterest in rusts extends well beyond the applied aspects of disease control. Their life history characteristics make them ideal model organisms for studying a number of fundamental genetic pathways unique to these biotrophic pathogens. The future availability of a reference genome sequence for the fusiform rust fungus will greatly accelerate the efforts of an active and growing research community interested in a broad range of applied as well as fundamental research topics using biotrophic pathogens as model species. Contact: Tom Kubisiak (tkubisiak@fs.fed.us)

Ratsnake Predation on Southern Flying Squirrels in Red-cockaded Woodpecker Cavities

Breeding success of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker is influenced by many factors, including predation of nest contents. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the consequences of predation on population change in red-cockaded woodpeckers. This difference is partially a result of the complex interactions between the primary species involved, red-cockaded woodpeckers as prey and southern flying squirrels and ratsnakes as predators. Additionally, ratsnakes are predators of flying squirrels. An improved understanding of the biological consequences of these interactions could improve management of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Station scientists determined the efficiency of Texas ratsnake predation on southern flying squirrels inhabiting red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Combined with previous research on ratsnake climbing abilities on red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees, the current research demonstrates that ratsnakes are potentially important predators of flying squirrels that inhabit red-cockaded woodpecker cavities where there is not a well-developed resin barrier that otherwise would maintained by the woodpeckers. These results provide additional clarification of the complex predator-prey interactions between these species and the potential management needs of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. Contact: Craig Rudolph (crudolph01@fs.fed.us)

Effects of Dormant Season Prescribed Fire on the Short- and Long-Term Seed Bank in Upland Hardwood Forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Prescribed fire is increasingly used by forest managers as restoration tool in upland hardwood ecosystems, i.e., oak-dominated, in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The goals of prescribed fire include reducing competition between fire-tolerant oak species and shade-tolerant competitors; creating light and seedbed conditions conducive to germination and establishment of oak seedlings; and reinvigorating the forest understory vegetation. Relatively few forest tree species have a seed bank strategy for reproduction following disturbance; however, tree species that do, e.g., yellow poplar, have the ability to take up substantial growing space at the expense of more desirable tree species such as oak and hickory. Therefore, stimulation of the tree seed bank by prescribed fire has the potential to limit the effectiveness of restoration treatments aimed at oak regeneration.

Herbaceous plants contribute greatly to the biological diversity of upland oak forests. The herbaceous understory provides nutrition and energy for arthropods and wildlife, and serves an important function in the storage and cycling of nutrients. Forest management practices such as prescribed fire can substantially alter the understory herbaceous layer; however little information exists regarding seed bank strategies of understory plant species in the southern Appalachians, let alone regarding the effects of prescribed fire on the understory seed bank.

A Station researcher is studying the effects of prescribed fire on the short- and long-term seed bank for both tree and understory plant species across a complex topographic landscape. By comparing species similarity between pre- and post-fire seed bank samples, the researcher will determine how prescribed fire affects the viability of the seed bank across a topographically complex system. Knowing how the seed bank responds is a crucial step in determining whether or not restoration goals are being met with prescribed fire and can provide much needed information on seed bank strategies of forest tree and understory plant species. Contact: Tara Keyser (tkeyser@fs.fed.us)

Regional Oak Regeneration Study

Upland, mixed-oak forests occupy more than 50 percent of the forested land base in the central hardwood region of the United States, where oak trees play a pivotal role in forest ecology, wildlife ecology, and economics. Yet, the sustainability of oak forests is threatened by widespread oak decline and regeneration failure. Station scientists have worked with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, the Stevenson Land Company, and the Northern Research Station to initiate a regional study of the ecosystem response (e.g., regeneration response of oak and other hardwood species, and plant diversity) to three (recommended but not widely tested) treatments that alter light and hardwood competition. Studies of wildlife response to these oak regeneration treatments also are being conducted in partnership with Alabama A&M University and North Carolina State University. Results will allow us to develop guidelines for sustainable oak ecosystem management within southern upland hardwood forests, and help ensure that these forests continue to provide valuable economic and ecological services.

Contact: Cathryn H. Greenberg (kgreenberg@fs.fed.us)

Chytrid Fungus Infections of North and Central American Amphibians

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) is a fungus known to cause a potentially fatal disease, chytridiomycosis, which may contribute to amphibian declines worldwide. Station scientists searched for the presence of Bd in the Kèköldi Indigenous Reserve in the lower elevations of the Talamancan region of Costa Rica to determine Bd infection rates in the anuran community. Station researchers attempted to determine which species might be at greatest risk to Bd and the effect of elevation on detection rates. Researchers collected 126 adult frogs of 20 species, from 10 families. Of the 20 species sampled, only 8 species tested positive for Bd . Ten individuals, out of 126, tested positive, giving an overall detection rate of 7.9 percent for the anuran community. Too few individuals were sampled to determine rates of the incidence of Bd for each species and too few individuals tested positive to determine if elevation affected detection rates of Bd .

Since Bd likely moved through Kèköldi 15 to 20 years prior to this study, it is possible that an initial epizootic (high levels of infection throughout amphibian community) event took place that resulted in declines in amphibian species richness and abundance; the event was likely followed by a rebound to an enzootic (low levels of infection) state. It is also possible that the fungus never reached an epizootic state in the low elevation Kèköldi Reserve because the warm air temperatures are less than optimal for Bd growth and infection of amphibians. Ongoing research focuses on detecting Bd in amphibian communities in eastern Texas, where Bd previously has not been detected. Twenty-one species of amphibians are known to occur at the three study sites in eastern Texas. Results from this study will s erve as a baseline for future reference.

Contact: Dan Saenz (dsaenz@fs.fed.us)

Integration of Improved Tree Height Measurement Technique and Modeling

Accurate tree heights are an important component of merchantable volume and biomass estimation. Station scientists applied a new approach to tree height determination, the sine method, on trees across the Crossett Experimental Forest. The scientists intended to use the data to improve use of historical studies for research, especially those studies of carbon sequestration and biofuel production. Researchers developed a new height model specifically that predicts height to the top of the live tree crown for loblolly and shortleaf pines ranging from very small (less than 0.2 inches in diameter at breast height (dbh)) to large stems over 36 inches dbh. The best model explained more than 97 percent of the variation in the data for both pine species, indicating considerable goodness-of-fit. The development of this accurate total tree height equation makes it possible to use models that require height to predict volume and biomass.

In another study, Station scientists adapted champion tree information (some collected using the previously mentioned sine method) to extend existing tree height models from the northern Great Lakes region without any field work. This approach supports developing more accurate models and incorporating forest-level simulation models more economically. The modification enhances the ability of existing computer models to emulate natural conditions with a substantial investment of resources. Contact: Don Bragg (dbragg@fs.fed.us)

Effects of Regeneration Methods on Longleaf Pine Root System Architecture and Tree Stability

The demand for longleaf pine seedlings continues to increase. The majority of longleaf pine seedlings are being grown as container stock instead of bareroot stock. To date, there has been too little effort made to understand how containers affect the field success of planted longleaf pine seedlings. Two long-term studies on the effects of container type (with and without copper oxide coating of the interior container cell walls), container volume (from 60 up to 336 cc/cell), and nursery fertility (0.5, 2, and 4 mg N/seedling/week) on longleaf pine seedling field performance were established in November 2004 and in December 2007 at the Palustris Experimental Forest.

Effects of container type on root system architecture attributes were similar between these two studies and were persistent 3 years after the first study was planted. About 65, 25, and 10 percent of lateral roots originated from the top, medium, and bottom 5 cm of the taproots in most seedlings, regardless of container type or volume or fertility. Copper coating, however, reduced the extent of lateral root spiraling, vertical trailing, and non-uniformly egress around the circumference of the taproot. Seedlings grown in the smallest containers or at the lowest fertility were the shortest and had smallest ground-line diameter among all.

During high winds, longleaf pine saplings without vertical anchorage from the taproots and sinkers or horizontal anchorage from the evenly egressing and non-spiraling lateral roots may topple over or grow sinuously to compensate stability. The Longleaf Alliance is especially interested in the outcome of these studies because they could affect longleaf management across the southern region on both private and public lands frequently affected by strong winds including hurricanes. Contact: Shi-Jean Susana Sung (ssung@fs.fed.us)

Wildfire Hazard Mitigation through Prescribed Fire and Fire Surrogates

Large and highly-destructive wildfires in the South have become increasing frequent and severe. They not only pose a direct risk to life, property, and natural resources but also demand greater expenditures required for fire suppression. Wildfires thereby indirectly undermine resource stewardship efforts, because the Forest Service and other agencies must divert a significant proportion of agency budgets to the large-scale emergency actions required to fight the fires. By evaluating the pre-emptive use of fire (i.e., prescribed burning) and mechanical and chemical alternatives (i.e., fire surrogates), Station research is supporting development of more effective wildfire prevention strategies.

Beginning in 2000, Station researchers have tested mechanical, chemical, and fire treatments in a variety of pine forest ecosystems. Observations in Florida flatwoods suggest that saw-palmetto ( Seronoa repens ), the principal and most dangerous understory and midstory fuel in this ecosystem, cannot be effectively reduced by fire-only treatments. Rather, prescribed burning must be followed by some type of mechanical treatment (i.e., roller-chopping or mowing) to achieve any substantial reduction in palmetto dominance, thus abating fire risk. Findings on mesic sites in Alabama indicate that hardwood trees and shrubs are best controlled by mechanical treatment followed by repeated prescribed fires. Mechanical treatment alone is an insufficient remedy because of rapid regrowth, and fire alone is a slow remedy requiring decades to achieve restoration and fire hazard abatement goals. Discovery of these relationships will provide forest managers with an improved understanding of how best to construct vegetation treatment strategies that effectively diminish the wildfire hazard.

Contact: Dale Brockway (dbrockway@fs.fed.us)

Escambia Experimental Forest Field Day

The Escambia Experimental Forest, a 3000-acre tract located in southern Alabama, was created in 1947 to spur the revival of the longleaf pine ecosystem. The T.R. Miller Mill Company (now Cedar Creek Land and Timber Company) of Brewton, AL, provided land for research to the Forest Service, at no cost, through a 99-year lease. The forest was selected because it typified the low density, second-growth longleaf pine forests that then covered about 6.2 million acres in southern Alabama and northwestern Florida and because it was centrally located within the natural range of longleaf.

On May 12, 2009, the Station joined with Auburn University to celebrate the 62 nd anniversary of the Escambia. A field day was held to highlight the long-term research that has helped foresters and private landowners understand how to regenerate longleaf pine forests. Once an annual event, this was the first field day held on the Escambia in almost 40 years. More than 100 attendees heard talks by Forest Service scientists, university researchers, and industry specialists. Tour highlights included a stop at the Farm 40 study, a showcase for practical longleaf pine forest management for the small-scale private forest landowner; season-of-burn studies for controlling understory vegetation and promoting longleaf pine regeneration; and information on forest management options, longleaf seed and cone crops, forest products, and ecosystem service payments. Contact: Kristina Connor (kconnor@fs.fed.us)

The Crossett Experimental Forest-Science Delivery in Southern Pines

This year marked the 100 th anniversary of the U.S. Forest Service network of Experimental Forests and Ranges (EF&Rs), a network of more than 80 places across the country where agency scientists and cooperators conduct detailed studies and demonstrate innovative management applications for local forest types. One of the Nation's flagship EF&Rs is the Crossett Experimental Forest, established in cutover southern pine forests of the upper West Gulf Coastal Plain in south Arkansas. The value of the Crossett Experimental Forest for research, demonstration, and science delivery was featured in a number of 2009 Forest Service publications. A Washington Office publication highlighted the role of the Crossett Experimental Forest in rehabilitation and recovery of cutover southern pine stands, and in subsequent development of a regional timber economy on private lands. The Station's award-winning Compass magazine feature the South's 19 experimental forests in an issue published as part of the Station's Centennial Celebration of EF&Rs. Symposium Proceedings for the Regional Conference on Technology Transfer in the South highlighted research from Crossett on sustainable management of southern pine stands for public and private landowners. Collectively, our network of EF&Rs serve as places where landowners, professional resource managers, and the public can go to see cutting-edge research and demonstration projects that show how forests can be managed for health, diversity, productivity, and sustainability. Contact: Jim Guldin (jguldin@fs.fed.us)

Upland Hardwood Forestry Management Short Course, Huntsville, AL

Cooperation among three forest management agencies-the U.S. Forest Service, the Alabama Forestry Commission (AFC), and the Alabama Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)-resulted in a newly revised short course program on upland hardwood forest management. During presentations and field tours, participants learned about terminology, site classification, disturbance history, artificial and natural regeneration techniques, intermediate stand treatments, fire, wildlife habitat, and cost-share programs. The field tours included a stop at Moss Lumber Industries, a romp through five forested stands treated to test the efficacy of shelterwood harvests on oak, hickory and ash regeneration, habitat monitoring for birds and herpetofauna, and a view of an American chestnut restoration area. The 30 participants came from NRCS, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, AFC, and the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Contact : Callie Jo Schweitzer (cschweitzer@fs.fed.us)

Pine Straw Harvesting in Longleaf Pine

Removal of pine straw in a longleaf pine stand was shown to deter fire spread during prescribed burns. Studies showed that fires fingered into harvested areas and went out due to the sparse fuel bed, suggesting that harvesting pine straw might be used to create fire breaks. Such buffers could be installed near buildings and other structures as a fire control measure at no cost to the property owner.

In a 15-year study, pine straw harvesting and repeated prescribed burning was not shown to adversely affect longleaf pine growth and yield. It was suspected that growth was negatively affected by the lack of management on checks or following repeated prescribed burning as well as from annually harvesting pine straw because understory competition for water and nutrients, fire related changes in soil physical properties, and heat injury to pine trees have reduced longleaf pine growth in other research. The increasing woody plant competition on checks and repeated prescribed burning might have caused declines in growth that cannot be demonstrated given the methodology used to measure trees and the inherent variability associated with working on large landscapes. Contact: James D. Haywood (dhaywood@fs.fed.us)

Forestry, Soils, Science, and Kids

In keeping with Forest Service emphasis on "Getting Kids into the Woods," Station scientists worked with three youth outreach activities designed to introduce forestry, soils, and science to youth of various ages. Unit personnel worked with Barbara McDonald (WO Science Quality Staff) and the Natural Inquirer (a middle school science journal published in cooperation with the Forest Service) to convert a scientific research article on some of the environmental effects of harvesting tree crowns for bioenergy into an article for middle-school science students. Secondly, Station personnel worked with the Catahoula Ranger District to educate about 40 6 th grade students from Pollock Elementary School on what soils are, what role they play in forests, and how they relate to clean water. Finally, Station personnel worked with Alexandria Middle Magnet School (a local inner-city middle school) science teacher ( Tara Laprarie) to present information on soils, forests, and science as a career choice to about 75 7 th and 8 th grade students. The future of the Forest Service will be with these youth, who are increasingly removed from the natural world. It has been clear in interactions with youth that they are curious and want to know more about the environment and about real-life science, and outreach activities such as this are critical for them to experience forests and learn about how science works to better manage the environment. Contact: Andy Scott (andyscott@fs.fed.us)

Effects of Wildfire in Longleaf Pine

A wildfire burned through a 14-year-old longleaf pine research study in March 2007, causing high longleaf pine mortality on treatments that had not been burned over an 8-year period, but killing few longleaf pines where biennial prescribed burning was practiced. Most likely fuels that accumulated in unburned areas and herbicide treated plots collectively had a higher caloric content than fuels on the prescribed burned plots, and the available fuels were almost entirely consumed as can occur in intense wildfires. Additionally, although fuels were accumulating on both the unburned and herbicide treated plots, fuel bed conditions were different enough to result in less longleaf pine mortality and vine cover on herbicide treated plots than checks after the wildfire. Nevertheless, excessive longleaf pine mortality on previously unburned plots showed that caution should be used during the reintroduction of prescribed fire even where fire has been excluded for less than a decade.

Before the wildfire, herbaceous plants were smothered on the unburned and herbicide treated plots. However, the wildfire released the herbaceous vegetation and restored the grass and forb cover. Forbs, especially legumes, responded to release by the wildfire. Understory tree cover was reduced by the wildfire, but shrub cover was little affected after one growing season. Contact: James D. Haywood (dhaywood@fs.fed.us)

Understanding the Physiological Circumstances that Predispose Longleaf Pine to Low Vigor in the Southeast

A common desire to understand and remedy the decline of longleaf pine in isolated stands on sandy soils has prompted a new research effort between Station scientists and researchers and land managers from Auburn University, Fort Benning Military Reserve, and Eglin Air Force Base. The original partnership between the Southern Research Station and Auburn University began in 2007. This effort led to promising avenues of research on physiological conditions that predispose longleaf pine to decline symptoms. Research was initially conducted at Fort Benning Military Reserve with the permission of the fort's Environmental Management Division. Interest in the results of this research recently led to collaboration between the original team and Eglin Air Force Base's Environmental Management Division, 96th Civil Engineering Group.

The overall purpose of this work is to document nutritional imbalances linked to established symptoms of decline, including low rates of annual stemwood growth, poor crown appearance, deterioration of fine roots, and the presence of root disease. By combining this information with data on stand-level leaf area dynamics, growth efficiency, soil resource availability, forest management activities such as prescribed fire, and climate, research will be designed to test and validate models of pine decline, and determine management alternatives that avoid or reverse it causes. Contact: Mary Anne Sword Sayer (msword@fs.fed.us)

American Chestnut Restoration Research

The American chestnut ( Castanea dentata ) was a keystone species of the eastern hardwood forest for thousands of years until a fungus ( Cryphonectria parasitica , chestnut blight), introduced in the early 1900s, eliminated the species as a functioning component of the ecosystem. The Southern Research Station led the way to use blight-resistant American chestnuts in their first-ever plantings on National Forest Service lands (the trees were secured through the American Chestnut Foundation). Three plantings were established on National Forests in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia in February 2009. The Station is leading field implementation and data collection efforts, and is working with the National Forest Service to establish additional plantings in 2010 on two National Forests in the Southern Region. Findings by Station researchers will be directly applicable to the National Forest Service, and could also help refine The American Chestnut Foundation's breeding program. Contact : Stacy L. Clark ( stacyclark@fs.fed.us )

Forest Health Initiative: Advancing Forest Health through Biotechnology

A partnership was formed between the Station, the U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities, and Duke Energy to develop biological and social science tools that might help scientists deploy genetically improved trees of species that are under extreme stress from invasive pests. The biological tools will integrate traditional breeding with molecular genetic approaches based on biotechnology and genomics, including genetic modification (GM) and whole genome sequencing. The social science side will include social, environmental, and regulatory aspects of developing, testing, and deploying a GM tree for the purpose of species restoration. A total of $5.5 million has been committed by the principle partners covering a three-year research program. University research providers include Penn State University, SUNY-Syracuse, and University of Georgia. The partnership is also working with The American Chestnut Foundation to develop and implement mechanisms for sharing germplasm for both research (i.e., genetic mapping) and development (i.e., improved trees for restoration plantings) applications. Contact: Dana Nelson (dananelson@fs.fed.us)

The Southern Pine Module, Forest Service National Advanced Silviculture Program

In May 2009, at the request of the Southern Regional Office of the Forest Service, the Southern Research Station sponsored the Southern Pine Module for the agency's National Advanced Silviculture Program (NASP). The NASP session is designed for field foresters and silviculturists working at the many Ranger District offices that comprise the backbone of the National Forest System (NFS), and provides those participants with the qualification of Certified Silviculturist. This certification is required by law for field personnel to conduct silvicultural operations on the National Forests and Grasslands.

The Southern Pine Module provides 2 weeks of graduate-level instruction on the ecology and silviculture of southern pines, with emphasis on the four major species of southern pines-loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf, and slash pine. The module is centered at the Crossett Experimental Forest (Ouachita National Forest) in southern Arkansas. The Crossett's many research studies and demonstrations date back as far as 7 decades, and are ideally suited to show the concepts associated with even-aged and uneven-aged silviculture of southern pines.

The session includes several days of study in the longleaf pine forest type, centered on the Winn Ranger District of the Kisatchie National Forest in central Louisiana. The module involves personnel from the Southern Region, State and Private Forestry; the Arkansas Forestry Commission; the Arkansas Field Office of The Nature Conservancy; and the Longleaf Alliance. Among the products of the session are a digital library of roughly 250 publications that are distributed to participants in pdf format-the equivalent of a filing cabinet full of research on the ecology and management of southern pines. This module provides extraordinary in-depth experience taught by research scientists with SRS, practitioners with NFS, and University professors (University of Arkansas at Monticello; Auburn University) in a one-on-one environment that promotes detailed give-and-take, both in the classroom and in the woods, between students and instructors. Contact: Jim Guldin ( jguldin@fs.fed.us )

Louisiana Pine Snake Candidate Conservation Agreement

2009 Products

Bennett, Frances M.; Loeb, Susan C.; Bunch, Mary S.; 2009. Use and selection of bridges as day roosts by Rafineque?s big-eared bats. The American Midland Naturalist. 160:386-399
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33924

Britzke, Eric R.; Loeb, Susan C.; Hobson, Keith A.; Romanek, Christopher S.; Vonhof, Maarten J. 2009. Using hydrogen isotopes to assign origins of bats in the eastern United States. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 90(3): 743-751
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33604

Adams, Cory K.; Saenz, Daniel; Fucik, Erin. 2008. Gastrophryne carolinensis (eastern narrow-mouthed toad). Hind limb malformation. Herpetological Review 39(4):460-461.

Adams, Cory; Saenz, Daniel; Pierce, Josh; Laurencio, David. 2009. Occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Keköldi Indigenous Reserve, Costa Rica [poster]. Joint meeting of ichthyologists and herpetologists; Portland, OR.

Alexander, Heather D.; Arthur, Mary; Loftis, David; Green, Stephanie 2009. Response of upland oak and co-occurring competitor seedlings following single and repeated prescribed fires. In: Hutchinson, Todd F., ed. Proceedings of the 3rd fire in eastern oak forests conference; 2008 May 20-22; Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-46. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 142.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/17298

Anagnostakis, S; Clark, Stacy; Mcnab, Henry; 2009. Preliminary report on the segregation of resistance in chestnuts to infestation by oriental chestnut gall wasp. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Chestnut Management in Mediterranean Countries. Bursa, Turkey ISHS Section Nuts and Mditerranean Climate Fruits, ISHA Chestnut Working Group. Acta Horticulturae 815. March 2009
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33960

Atwood, Chad J; Fox, Thomas R; Loftis, David L. 2009. Effects of alternative silviculture on stump sprouting in the southern Appalachians. Forest Ecology and Management 257 (2009) 1305?1313.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33958

Barnett, James 2009. Bryant Bateman was first LSU forestry graduate in 1926. Piney Woods Journal 13(1): 5-6.

Barnett, James 2009. Howell Cobb developed forest seed technology. Piney Woods Journal 12(11): 4.

Barnett, James P. 2008. H. H. Chapman called father of controlled burning. Piney Woods Journal 12(2): 6.

Barnett, James P. 2008. Lloyd Blackwell started forestry at Tech. Piney Woods Journal 12(7): 5.

Barnett, James P. 2008. Relating seed treatments to nursery performance: Experience with southern pines. In: Dumroese, R. K.; Riley, L. E., tech. coords. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2007. Proc. RMRS-P-57. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station:27-37
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/31825

Barnett, James. 2008. 'Cap' Eldridge and forest survey set stage for reforestation and wood utilization. Piney Woods Journal 12(3): 5.

Barnett, James. 2008. Mac Meginnis battled soil erosion and beat it. Piney Woods Journal 12(5): 8.

Barnett, James. 2008. Reynolds and the Crossett Experimental Forest. Piney Woods Journal 12(4): 10.

Barnett, James. 2009. Elemore Morgan, Sr. was self-taught photographer of Louisiana's forests. Piney Woods Journal 12(10): 5.

Barnett, James. 2009. John Putnam known as 'Mr. Hardwoods'. Piney Woods Journal 12(9): 5, 6.

Barnett, James. 2009. Kitchens pioneered forestry education. Piney Woods Journal 12(8): 5, 6.

Barnett, James. 2009. Les Pomeroy made sustained yield forestry profitable. Piney Woods Journal 12(12): 5.

Barnett, James; Sharp, Shannan; Allen, Kevin; Scott, Andy. 2009. Restoring the Kentucky lady's slipper orchid in the Kisatchie National Forest: a progress report [abstract]. Proceedings of the 2009 annual symposium and membership meeting: Restoration in the Southeast with a focus on military lands. Auburn, AL: Society for Ecological Restoration, Coastal Plain Chapter: 5.

Barnett, Jim 2009. Sonderegger as state forester made quite a name for himself. Forests and People 59(1):14-15.

Birt, Andrew; Feldman, Richard M.; Cairns, David M.; Coulson, Robert N.; Tchakerian, Maria; Xi, Weimin; Guldin, James M. 2009. Stage-structured matrix models for organisms with non-geometric development times. Ecology 90(1): 57-68.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33676

Bliss, Christine M.; Scott, D. Andrew; Dean, Tom J. 2008. Soil nutrient dynamics across a site quality gradient [abstract]. Joint annual meeting of Geological Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, and Crop Science Society of America, and Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies: Celebrating the international year of planet Earth; Houston, TX.

Bragg, D. 2008. A comparison of pine height models for the Crossett Experimental Forest. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science 62: 24-31.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33677

Bragg, Don C. 2008. Practical extension of a Lake States tree height model. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25(4): 186-194.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33678

Bragg, Hope A. 2008. Michigan's state forests: a century of stewardship [book review]. Natural Areas Journal 28(3):321-322.

Clark, Stacy L.; Schweitzer, Callie J. 2009. Red maple (Acer rubrum) response to prescribed burning on the William B. Bankhead National Forest, Alabama. In: Hutchinson, Todd F., ed. Proceedings of the 3rd fire in eastern oak forests conference; 2008 May 20-22; Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-46. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 147.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/17302

Clark, Stacy L; Schweitzer, Callie J; 2009; Red maple (Acer rubrum) response to prescribed burning on the William B. Bunkhead National Forest, Alabama; Proceedings of the 3rd Fire in Eastern Oak Forest Conference: Learning from experience,Carbondale, Illinois, May 21, 2008.

Dey, Daniel C.; Spetich, Martin A.; Wiegel, Dale R.; Johnson, Paul S.; Graney, David L.; Kabrick, John M. 2009. A suggested approach for design of oak (Quercus L.) regeneration research considering regional differences. New Forests. 37: 123-135.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/19530

Dey, Daniel C; Spetich, Martin A; Weigel, Dale R; Johnson, David L; Kabrick, John M. 2009 A suggested approach for design of oak (Quercus L.)regeneration research considering regional differences. New Forest (2009) 37:123-135

Dumroese, R. Kasten; Barnett, James P.; Jackson, D. Paul; Hainds, Mark J. 2009. 2008 interim guidelines for growing longleaf pine seedlings in container nurseries. In: Dumroese, R. K.; Riley, L. E., tech. coords. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2008. Proc. RMRS-P-58. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station:101-107
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/32949

Fleet, Robert R.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Camper, J. D.; Niederhofer, J. 2009. Ecological parameters of Coluber constrictor etheridgei, with comparisons to other Coluber constrictor subspecies. Southeastern Naturalist 8(Special Issue 2): 31-40.

Greenberg, Cathryn H; Tanner, George W. 2009. Long-term landscape monitoring of amphibians at ephemeral ponds in regularly burned versus hardwood-invaded Florida longleaf pine-wiregrass upland of the Ocala National Forest, Florida. USDA Forest Service, southern Research Station, Bent Creek Experimental Forest. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida. 2009. Final Report

Guldin, James M. 2008. A history of forest management in the Ozark Mountains. In: Pioneer Forest--a half century of sustainable uneven-aged forest management in the Missouri Ozarks. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-108. Asheville, NC: USDA-Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 3-8.

Guldin, James M. 2009. The Crossett Experimental Forest--72 years of science delivery in the silviculture of southern pines. In: Ashton, Sarah F.; Hubbard, William G.; Rauscher, H. Michael, eds. A Southern Region conference on technology transfer and extension. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-116. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 203-209.

Guldin, James M.; Iffrig, Greg F.; Flader, Susan L. 2008. Pioneer forest - a half century of sustainable uneven-aged forest management in the Missouri Ozarks. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS?108. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 123 p.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/30744

Guldin, Jim. 2009. Experimental forests in the South come of age--again. Compass 13:1-2.

Hanula, J.L., Wade, D.D., O'Brien, J.O., Loeb, S.C. 2009. Ground-dwelling arthropod association with coarse woody debris following long-term dormant season prescribed burning in the longleaf pine flatwoods of north Florida. Florida Entomologist 92 (2):229-242.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33806

Hibbitts, Toby J.; Hibbitts, Terry L.; Saenz, Daniel; Adams, Cory; Pierce, Josh. 2008. Geographic distribution. Ambystoma maculatum (spotted salamander). Herpetological Review 39(4): 476.

Hibbitts, Toby J.; Laurencio, David; Saenz, Daniel; Adams, Cory; Pierce, Josh. 2008. Geographic distribution. Siren intermedia (lesser siren). Herpetological Review 39(4): 477.

Hibbitts, Toby J.; Saenz, Daniel; Adams, Cory K.; Pierce, Joshua B. 2008. Aquatic predator influence on occurrence of aquatic and larval amphibians in east Texas ponds [abstract]. 6th world congress of herpetology; Manaus, Brazil.

Hibbitts, Toby J.; Saenz, Daniel; Adams, Cory; Pierce, Josh. 2008. Geographic distribution. Ollotis (=Bufo) nebulifer (Gulf Coast toad). Herpetological Review 39(4): 480.

Jackson, Clay B; Pitillo, Dan J; Allen Lee H; Wnetworth, Thomas R; Bullock, Bronson P; Loftis, David L. 2009. Species diversity and composition in old growth and second growth rich coves of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Castanea 74 (1): 27-38. March 2009
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33959

Lamsal, Sanjay; Grunwald, Sabine; Bliss, Christine; Comerford, N. B.; Graetz, Don. 2008. Geospatial mapping of soil nitrate-nitrogen distribution under a mixed-land use system [abstract]. In: Joint annual meeting of Geological Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy, and Crop Science Society of America, and Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies: Celebrating the international year of planet Earth; Houston, TX.

Loeb, Susan C.; PosT, Christopher J.; Hall, Steven T. 2009. Relationship between urbanization and bat community structure in national parks of the southeastern U.S. Urban Ecosyst (2009) 12:197-214.

Loftis, David L. 2009. Preharvest herbicide treatment improves regeneration in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry: 177-180
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33407

Matthews, Charlotte E; Moorman, Christopher E; Greenberg, Cathryn H; 2009. Response of soricid populations to repeated fire and fuel reduction treatments in the southern Appalachain Mountains. Forestry Ecology and Mangement 257 (2009) 1939-1944
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33906

McNab, W. Henry; Lloyd, F. Thomas. 2009. Testing ecoregions in Kentucky and Tennessee with satellite imagery and Forest Inventory data. In: McWilliams, Will; Moisen, Gretchen; Czaplewski, Ray, comps. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Symposium 2008; October 21-23, 2008; Park City, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-56CD. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 19 p.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33366

Moser, W. Keith; Bolliger, Janine; Bragg, Don C.; Hansen, Mark H.; Hatfield, Mark A.; Nigh, Timothy A.; Schulte, Lisa A. 2008. Tools for understanding landscapes: combining large-scale surveys to characterize change. Chapter 9. In: Lafortezza, Raffaele; Chen, Jiquan; Sanesi, Giovanni; Crow, Thomas R., eds. Patterns and processes in forest landscapes. Springer: 149-166.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/19532

O?Keefe, Joy M.; Loeb, Susan C.; Lanham, J. Drew; Hill, Hoke S., Jr. 2009. Macrohabitat factors affect day roost selection by eastern read bats and eastern pipistrelles in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 257: 1757-1763.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33805

Perry, R. W. 2009. Seasonal changes in the distribution of Seminole bats and a request for information [abstract]. 19th colloquium on conservation of mammals in the southeastern United States and 14th annual meeting, Southeastern Bat Diversity Network: Jonesboro, AR.

Perry, R. W.; Saugey, D. A.; Crump, B. G. 2009. Winter roost selection by silver-haired bats in forests of Arkansas [abstract]. 19th colloquium on conservation of mammals in the southeastern United States and 14th annual meeting, Southeastern Bat Diversity Network: Jonesboro, AR.

Perry, Roger W. 2008. Weekly capture rates of bats from summer mistnetting in forests provide clues to sex-specific temporal and spatial patterns of abundance [abstract]. 38th annual North American symposium on bat research: Scranton, PA.

Perry, Roger W.; Thill, Ronald E. 2008. Diurnal roosts of male evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) in diversely managed pine-hardwood forests. American Midland Naturalist 160(2):374-385.

Perry, Roger W.; Thill, Ronald E. 2008. Roost selection by big brown bats in forests of Arkansas: importance of pine snags and open forest habitats to males. Southeastern Naturalist 7(4):607-618.

Pierce, Josh; Rudolph, Craig. 2009. Home ranges and movement patterns of Louisiana pine snakes (Pituophis ruthveni) in Texas and Louisiana [abstract]. Joint meeting of ichthyologists and herpetologists; Portland, OR.

Rhoades, Chuck; Loftis, David; Lewis, Jeffrey; Clark, Stacy. 2009. The influence of silicultural treatments and site conditions on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) seedling establishment in eastern Kentucky, USA. Elsevier; Forest Ecology and Manantement 258 (2009) 1213-1218.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33923

Royse, Jacob; Arthur, Mary; Loftis, David 2009. Prescribed fire and oak seedling development in an Appalachian forest. In: Hutchinson, Todd F., ed. Proceedings of the 3rd fire in eastern oak forests conference; 2008 May 20-22; Carbondale, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-46. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 152.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/17307

Rudolph, D. Craig; Schaefer, Richard R.; Pierce, Josh B.; Saenz, Dan; Conner, Richard N. 2009. Texas ratsnake predation on southern flying squirrels in red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Southeastern Naturalist 8(Special Issue 2): 41-46.

Saenz, Daniel; Adams, Cory K.; Pierce, Josh B.; Laurencio, David. 2009. Occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in an anuran community in the southeastern Talamanca Region of Costa Rica. Herpetological Review 40(3): 311-313.

Saenz, Daniel; Adams, Cory. 2009. An examination of anuran habitat associations and the relationship with larval activity levels [poster]. Joint meeting of ichthyologists and herpetologists; Portland, OR.

Schaefer, Richard R.; Fleet, Robert R.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Koerth, Nancy E. 2009. Habitat selection by Anolis carolinensis (green anole) in open pine forests in eastern Texas. Southeastern Naturalist 8(Special Issue 2): 63-76.

Schaefer, Richard; Fleet, Robert; Rudolph, Craig ; Koerth, Nancy. 2009. Relationships between green anole (Anolis carolinensis) abundance and shrub density, structure, and species composition in open pine forests [abstract]. Joint meeting of ichthyologists and herpetologists; Portland, OR.

Speer, James H; Grission-Mayer, Henry D; Orivs, Kenneth H; Greenberg, Cathryn H: 2009. Climate response of five oak species in the eastern deciduous forest of the southern Appalachain Mountains, USA. NRC Research Press. Can J. Fox Res. Vol 39,2009
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33907

Spetich, Martin A.; Dey, Daniel C.; Lootens, Jim 2009. Getting science out -- a boston mountains forest underplanting tool online. In: Ashton, S.F.; Hubbard, W.G.; Rauscher, H.M (eds.) 2009 proceedings of A southern region conference on technology transfer and extension . Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-116. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. pp 197-202.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33086

Spetich, Martin A.; Dey, Daniel; Johnson, Paul. 2009. Shelterwood-planted northern red oaks: integrated costs and options. South. J. Appl. For., Vol. 33(4): 182-186
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33905

Spetich, Martin A.; Kvashnina, Anna E.; Nukhimovskya, Y.D.; Rhodes, Olin E. Jr. 2009. History, administration, goals, values, and long-term data of Russia''s strictly protected scientific nature reserves. Natural Areas Journal, Vol. 29(1): 71-78
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/31980

Stanturf, J.A; Gardiner, E.S; Shepard, J.P; Schweitzer, C.J; Portwood, C.J; Dorros, L.C. 2009. Restoration of bottomland hardwood forest across a treatment intensity gradient. Elsevier: Forest Ecology and Mangement 257:1803-1814.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/34041

Stanturf, John A.; Gardiner, Emile S.; Shepard, James P.; Schweitzer, Callie J.; Portwood, C. Jeffrey; Dorris, Lamar C. Jr. 2009. Restoration of bottomland hardwood forests across a treatment intensity gradient. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257: 1803-1814
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33499

Sulak, Adriana; Huntsinger, Lynn; Barry, Sheila; Forero, Larry. 2008. Public land grazing for private land conservation? In: Merenlender, Adina; McCreary, Douglas; Purcell, Kathryn L., tech. eds. 2008. Proceedings of the sixth California oak symposium: today's challenges, tomorrow's opportunities. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-217. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: p. 7-18
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33931

Wells, Gail; Hayes, Deborah; Krause, Katrina; Bartuska, Ann; LeVan-Green, Susan; Anderson, Jim; Gough, Tivoli; Adams, Mary Beth; Schuler, Thomas M.; Kolka, Randy; Sebestyen, Steve; Kenefic, Laura S.; Brissette, John C.; Stout, Susan; Kanoti, Keith; Swanson, Fred; Greene, Sarah; Herring, Margaret; Ritchie, Martin; Skinner, Carl; Lisle, Tom; Keppeler, Elizabeth; Reid, Leslie; Wohlegemuth, Peter M.; Kitchen, Stanley G.; McCaughey, Ward; Guldin, Jim; Bragg, Don C.; Shelton, Michael G.; Loftis, David; Greenberg, Cathryn; Murphy, Julia [2009]. Experimental forests and ranges : 100 years of research success stories. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-182. Madison, WI: USDA-Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 29 p.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33409

Wells, Gail; Hayes, Deborah; Krause, Katrina; Bartuska, Ann; LeVan-Green, Susan; Anderson, Jim; Gough, Tivoli; Adams, Mary Beth; Schuler, Thomas M.; Kolka, Randy; Sebestyen, Steve; Kenefic, Laura S.; Brissette, John C.; Stout, Susan; Kanoti, Keith; Swanson, Fred; Greene, Sarah; Herring, Margaret; Ritchie, Martin; Skinner, Carl; Lisle, Tom; Keppeler, Elizabeth; Reid, Leslie; Wohlegemuth, Peter M.; Kitchen, Stanley G.; McCaughey, Ward; Guldin, Jim; Bragg, Don C.; Shelton, Michael G.; Loftis, David; Greenberg, Cathryn; Murphy, Julia [2009]. Experimental forests and ranges : 100 years of research success stories. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-182. Madison, WI: USDA-Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 29 p.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/33409

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