Abstract
In this study we reassessed the biogeography and origin of the
Tuberaceae and their relatives using multiple loci and a global sampling of taxa. Multiple independent transitions from an aboveground to a belowground truffie fruiting body form have occurred in the
Tuberaceae and in its newly recognized sister lineage gymnohydnotrya. Our data indicate that the
Tuberaceae most likely radiated from a common angiosperm-associated ectomycorrhizal ancestor in the late Jurassic. Subsequent radiations of major clades within the family have occurred on different continents during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, periods when many ectomycorrhizal angiosperm groups were also radiating. Several long distance and intercontinental dispersal events have since occurred in several of the major clades within the
Tuberaceae, including pubcrulum and choiromyces. We hypothesize that, in some cases, dispersal events of ancestral truffle species may have been correlated with host plant migration (e.g. with the migration of Salix into the Southern hemisphere), but that in other cases host switching may have facilitated intercontinental diversification through founder events. Finally, we have identified an epigeous species belonging to the
Tuberaceae ,providing the first evidence that the
Tuberaceae is not composed strictly of truffle fungi.
Keywords
fungi,
Tuberaceae
Citation
Bonito, Gregory; Smith, Matthew E.; Nowak, Michael; Healy, Rosanne A.; Guevara, Gonzalo; Cazares, Efren; Kinoshita, Akihiko; Nouhra, Eduardo R.; Dominguez, Laura S.; Tedersoo, Leho; Murat, Claude; Wang, Yun; Arroyo Moreno, Baldomero; Pfister, Donald H.; Nara, Kazuhide; Zambonelli, Alessandra; Trappe, James M.; Vilgalys, Rytas. 2013. Historical biogeography and diversification of truffles in the Tuberaceae and their newly identified Southern hemisphere sister lineage. PLOS ONE. 8(1): 1-15. e52765.