Long-term nitrogen fertilization increases winter injury in montane red spruce foliage (Picea rubens) foliage
Abstract
Current-year red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) foliage is predisposed to winter injury by one or more types of anthropogenic pollutants, particularly acidic deposition. The resultant defoliation, when severe and repeated, leads to dieback and eventual mortality of affected red spruce individuals