ECOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES FIRST APPROXIMATION Compiled at 1:1,000,000 scale in participation with federal and state agencies and non-governmental partners by: James E. Keys, Jr.; Constance A. Carpenter; Susan L. Hooks; Frank G. Koenig W. Henry McNab; Walter E. Russell; Marie-Louis Smith USDA Forest Service Southern Region Eastern Region Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Northeastern and North Central Forest Experiment Stations Southern Research Station Washington Office 1995 CITATION Keys, Jr.,J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.; Smith, M.L. 1995. Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation (cd-rom), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS coverage in ARCINFO format, selected imagery, and map unit tables. REGIONAL CONTACTS: James E. Keys, Jr....(404-347-7223) Southern Region, Atlanta Constance A. Carpenter..(603-868-7698) Northeastern Area, S&PF, Durham, NH 1995 CD-ROM ECOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES -- FIRST APPROXIMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Background Development of the Information Suggestions for Data Base Users References APPENDIX. CD-ROM Disc Organization Selected Glossary Acknowledgments Selected Regional References Scientific Names/ Vegetative Species 1995 CD-ROM ECOLOGICAL UNITS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES FIRST APPROXIMATION INTRODUCTION Background The U.S. Forest Service, in participation with numerous individuals of federal and state agencies and non-government organizations, is preparing an ecological map and characterization data of the eastern United States. Ecological mapping and description follow the Forest Service's National Framework for Ecological Units (ECOMAP, 1993). This subregional (subsection) presentation represents a status or first approximation of an effort to develop units which integrate, in an ecologically meaningful way, information from individual disciplines, single-purpose maps and existing regionalizations. This interdisciplinary approach highlighted the need for continued efforts to overcome geopolitical and administrative bias in primary data sources. Development of ecological units and descriptive data is an iterative process which will progress as additional information becomes available and from peer review and comments by users of this information. This Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) contains 1)a file of the map: Ecological Units of the Eastern United States -- First Approximation in ARCINFO format (Version 7.0), 2)imagery for use in association with the ARC file, and 3)descriptions of ecological units. The CD-ROM is being provided to supplement the map and allow partners more flexibility in the use and review of the information. Development of the Information The mapping and description of ecological units involved many people and disciplines at the federal and state level including non-governmental organizations. Mapping was compiled at scales of 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 by regional or state teams and recompiled at a scale of 1:1,000,000 for this publication. Many national, regional and state sources of information were used in identifying ecological units. Some significant ones included: Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey; State Soil Geographic Soil Database, Natural Resources Conservation Service; Ecoregions and Subregions, Environmental Protection Agency; Hammond's Classes of Land Surface Form, U.S. Geological Survey; State Natural Heritage Maps and Classifications; Physiographic Maps; Land Cover Types; and State Natural Habitat Regions and Vegetative Life Zones of Puerto Rico. During map compilation at 1:1,000,000, regional and state teams followed steps that provided for integration of source information and fine-tuning of section, province, division and domain lines mapped in Ecoregions and Subregions of the United States. 1994. (Avers et al). In their consideration of aquatic systems during ecological mapping and description, compilers also used the Hierarchical Framework of Aquatic Ecological Units of North America (Maxwell, et. al.) and Cowardin's classification of wetlands and deep water habitats of the United States. Each map unit is described by physical and biological components, or elements, that have a significant influence on ecological relationships, processes, and potential. In addition to physical and biological components, principal classes of land use are included to give insight into human utilization of land and water resources within ecological units. In the ARCINFO data, Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) and EPA Ecoregions are provided as well as potential fauna for some ecological units that are solely aquatic. Following is an explanation of the information used to describe components associated with each map unit. Subsection - Map unit identification symbol and name. Geomorphology; Elevation - Geomorphology refers to the classification, description, nature, origin, and development of present landforms. Landform terminology and definitions generally follow those used in by Hammond (1970). Elevation is the range of altitudes occurring in the map unit. Quaternary geology; Stratigraphy and lithology - Quaternary geology refers to the system of deposits corresponding to the second period of the Cenozoic era, following the Tertiary. It begins two to three million years ago and extends to the present and consists of recently formed, generally unconsolidated deposits such as glacial products, water and wind deposits, and deposits of volcanic origin. Stratigraphy is the arrangement of rocks as classified by geographic position and chronological order. Lithology is the description of rocks on the basis of such physical characteristics as manner of origin, composition and texture. The following abbreviations are used with this component: Dev. - Devonian Il. - Illinoian Miss. - Mississippian Paleo. - Paleozoic Penn. - Pennsylvanian Wis. - Wisconsinan Soil taxa; Temperature and moisture regimes - Characteristics of soils are presented for each subsection by listing soil taxonomic units at the great group level in the Soil Taxonomy (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1992). Biological processes in the soil are controlled predominately by soil temperature and moisture. Temperature and moisture regimes are properties of the whole soil rather than specific horizons and are included to help characterize the soil environment of ecological units. Climate - P(in) - The average annual precipitation in inches. If precipitation varies significantly across the ecological unit, the range is presented. T(F.) - The average annual temperature in Fahrenheit. If temperature varies significantly across the ecological unit, the range is presented. GS(d) - The average length of growing season (days). If the growing season varies significantly across ecological unit, the range is presented. Growing season is the number of days when air temperature is above freezing. Potential vegetation - Potential vegetation for terrestrial map units is approximated by the alliance level of The Nature Conservancy's draft regional community classifications being developed as a cross-walk of State Natural Heritage classifications by various regions for the eastern United States (Faber-Langendoen, D. 1993, Sneddon, L.; Anderson, M.; Metzler, K. 1994, Weakley, A.; and others. 1995). The common names for regional alliances shown in this table differ in format from region to region as they have not been standardized. The following abbreviations are used as suffixes with alliances for the Southeast Region of The Nature Conservancy: FA - Forest Alliance WA - Woodland Alliance SWA - Sparse Woodland Alliance SA - Shrubland Alliance SSA - Sparse shrubland Alliance DSA - Dwarf Shrubland Alliance SDA - Sparse Dwarf Shrubland Alliance HA - Herbaceous Alliance. Information on potential fauna is provided for some aquatic ecological units and was obtained from The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (Fairbridge, W.F. 1968). Assistance from state organizations is necessary to develop more useful information on potential for aquatic fauna. Surface water characteristics - Relative occurrence and distinguishing characteristics of rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Human use - Major human use of the ecological unit that affects the potential of vegetation or fish. Tables of the above attributes are also being provided with the map. This will allow for partners without a CD-ROM reader to immediately use the information. These tables are arranged by Section, and only the most predominant descriptors are listed under each categorical element. Where several descriptors are listed, they are arranged by decreasing importance or prevalence within a Subsection. The term "Reserved" is used to indicate that descriptive information has not been identified for a component. Omitted information may be supplied in successive CD-ROM and map updates. Suggestions for Users The USDA Forest Service is a charter member of a federal interagency and interdisciplinary approach to delineate and describe common ecological units of the United States. The GIS coverage and supporting attributes contained in this CD-ROM should considered a draft of the current status of the Forest Service and participating federal and state agencies and non-governmental organizations in ecological mapping at a scale of 1:1,000,000 in the eastern United States. Delineation of ecological units is a complex and interactive, iterative process that continually evolves as knowledge increases, and users are urged to participate in the improvement of the accuracy of the map and descriptive information. SELECTED REFERENCES Cowardin, L.M.; Carter, V.; Golet, F.F.; LaRoe, E.T. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 131 p. ECOMAP. 1993. National hierarchical framework of ecological units. USDA Forest Service. Washington, DC. 20 p. Faber-Langendoen, D. (Editor) 1993. Midwest regional community classification framework, 1995 Update. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Heritage Task Force, Minneapolis, MN, USA 34 pp. Fairbridge, R. W. 1968. The encyclopedia of geomorphology. Encyclopedia of earth sciences series, Vol. III. New York, NY. Reinhold Book Corporation. 1295 p. Hammond, E.H. 1970. Classes of land-surface form (map). In National Atlas of the United States of America. Washington, DC: Geological Survey, U.S. Dep. Interior. Scale 1:7,500,000; colored Keys, Jr., J.E., McNab, W.H. Unpubl. Subsection mapping and description in the Southern Region of the Forest Service. Report on file, USDA Forest Service, Southern Region, Atlanta, GA. 6 p. Maxwell, J.R. and others. Unpubl. A hierarchical framework of aquatic ecological units in North America. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NC- Smith, M.L.; Carpenter, C.A. (in press). Application of the USDA Forest Service national hierarchical framework of ecological units at the subregional level: The New England-New York example. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Sneddon, L.; Anderson, M.; Metzler, K. 1994. A classification and description of terrestrial community alliances in The Nature Conservancy's Eastern Region. Boston, MA: The Nature Conservancy, Eastern Region. 124 p. Weakley, A.; and others. 1995. A vegetation classification for the Southeastern United States. Chapel Hill, NC: The Nature Conservancy - Southeast Regional Office. 205 p. USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 5th edition. SMSS technical monograph No. 19. Blacksburg, VA: Pocahontas Press, Inc. 556 p. US Geological Survey. (Date varies). Quaternary geologic maps of various 4 degree by 6 degree quadrangles of the United States. Miscellaneous Investigations Series, Map I-1420. Washington, DC: US Department of Interior, Geological Survey. USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. Agric. Handb. No. 296. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 156 p. [now Natural Resources Conservation Service]. APPENDIX CD-ROM DISC ORGANIZATION Data on the CD-ROM are arranged so that similar data types are under the following directory names: ROOT Directory: Includes this file (README.1ST) and an ArcView 2.1 project file (EASTWIDE.APR) which is constructed to access data from the root directory of drive D. If the CD-ROM drive on your unit is other than D, you must redirect ArcView by answering all of the "where is" questions properly or edit the project file replacing "d:" with the proper drive letter on your unit. -COVERAGE: ArcINFO coverages of state boundaries, National Forest and Grassland boundaries, and the ecological unit boundaries are located in this directory. -IMAGES: There are four images with associated world files in this directory: shaded relief, color elevation, and images of the printed map, one at scanned at 250 dpi and another version of the same file resampled to a resolution of 125 dpi. -TEXT: The files in this directory include a narrative description of the ecological units in WordPerfect 4.2 and ASCII format, and summary tables of this information in Microsoft Excell and dBase IV format. -SECTIONS: This directory extends from the TEXT directory. The files in this directory provide narrative descriptions of each section along with bibliography, glossary and principal compilers. A README.TXT file is included in each directory with descriptions of the files found at that level. SELECTED GLOSSARY ARCINFO FORMAT - A proprietary format for GIS data developed by ESRI, Redlands, California. BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT - Living parts of ecosystems consisting of flora and fauna that respond and adapt to changes in the physical components and which help characterize the ecological potential of a classification unit. ECOLOGICAL LAND CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING - A hierarchical, multi-factor approach to categorizing and delineating, at different levels of resolution, areas of land and water having similar capabilities and potentials for management. ECOLOGICAL UNIT - A mapped landscape unit designed to meet management objectives, comprised of one or more ecological types. ECOLOGICAL TYPE - A category of land and/or water having a unique combination of biological potential, soil, landscape feature, and climate, and differing from other ecological types in its ability to produce organisms and respond to management. ECOSYSTEM - A complete interacting system of organisms and their environment. LANDSCAPE - A heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in a similar form throughout, and can be viewed at one time from one place. MULTI-FACTOR - Classification methodology whereby biological and physical components are evaluated simultaneously to arrive at the appropriate ecological potential of a map unit. POTENTIAL VEGETATION - The biotic community that would be established if all successional sequences of its ecosystem were completed without additional human-caused disturbance under present environmental conditions. SOIL GREAT GROUP - A category of soil classification where soils are placed together based on close similarities in kind, arrangement, and degree of expression of horizons; close similarities in soil moisture and temperature regimes; and similarities in base status. SOIL MOISTURE REGIME - Classes of soil moisture that are based on the assumption that the soil supports whatever vegetation it is capable of supporting. Moisture regimes are defined in terms of the ground-water level and in terms of the absence or presence of water held at a tension of <15 bars in the moisture control section by periods of the year. SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIME - The characteristic temperature regime of a soil that is described by the mean annual soil temperature, the average seasonal fluctuations from that mean, and the mean warm or cold seasonal soil-temperature gradient within the main root zone, which is the zone from a depth of 5 to 100 cm. SUBSECTION - An ecological unit in the subregion planning and analysis scale of the National Hierarchical Framework corresponding to subdivisions of a Section into areas with similar surficial geology, lithology, geomorphic process, soil great groups, subregional climate, and potential vegetation. SUBREGION - A scale of planning and analysis in the National Hierarchical Framework that has applicability for strategic, multi-forest, statewide, and multi-agency analysis and assessment. Subregions include Section and Subsection ecological units. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Information in this table was developed by the combined efforts of many Forest Service personnel and other persons affiliated with federal and state governments, and non-governmental organizations. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Jim Keys, Southern Region REGIONAL COMPILATION AND COORDINATION: Constance Carpenter, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Susan Hooks, Southern Region Jim Keys, Southern Region Henry McNab, Southern Research Station Walter Russell, Washington D.C. SUBREGIONAL COMPILATION AND COORDINATION Mark Anderson, Ecologist, Eastern Regional Office of The Nature Conservancy Don Faber-Langendoen, Ecologist, The Nature Conservancy Midwest Regional Office James K. Jordan, Ecologist, Ottawa National Forest Frank Koenig, USDA, Forest Service, Eastern Region Karen Patterson, Ecologist, Southeast Regional Office of The Nature Conservancy Marie-Louise Smith, Research Ecologist, Northeast Forest Experiment Station Karen Sykes, Watershed Specialist, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Alan Weakley, Ecologist, Southeast Regional Office of The Nature Conservancy STATEWIDE DATA COMPILATION AND/OR COORDINATION CT: Marie-Louise Smith, Research Ecologist, Northeast Forest Experiment Station, DE: Jim Olsen, Forester, Delaware Forest Service IA: Constance Carpenter, Hydrologist, Northeastern Areas State and Private Forestry IL: Max Hutchinson, Ecologist, The Nature Conservancy Andy Rorick, Geologist, Shawnee National Forest, Carbondale, Illinois IN: Michael Homoya, Ecologist, Division of Nature Preserves, Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, IN Pat Merchant, Soil Scientist, Hoosier National Forest, Brownstown, IN KS: Constance Carpenter, Hydrologist, Northeastern Areas State and Private Forestry, Durham, NH KY: Julian Campbell, Kentucky Chapter, The Nature Conservancy MA: Marie-Louise Smith, USFS Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Durham, NH MD: Ken Jolly, Supervisor, Public Land Stewardship Jack Perdue, Forester, Program Development ME: Stephen Fay, Soil Scientist, USFS, White Mountain National Forest MI: Joseph Gates, Soil Scientist, Huron-Manistee National Forest Eunice Padley, Eastern Regional Office MN: Barbara Leuelling, Soil Scientist, Superior National Forest James Jordan, Ecologist, Ottawa National Forest Dave Shadis, Chippewa National Forest MO: Timothy A. Nigh, Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, MO Walter A. Schroeder, Geographer, University of Missouri-Columbia ND: Constance Carpenter, Hydrologist, Northeastern Areas State and Private Forestry NE: Constance Carpenter, Hydrologist, Northeastern Areas State and Private Forestry, Durham, NH WI: Leonard Kempf, Soil Scientist, Chequemegon National Forest, James Jordan, Soil Scientist, Ottawa National Forest NH: Stephen Fay, Soil Scientist, USFS, White Mountain National Forest NJ: Craig Coutros, Forester, New Jersey State Forest Service NY: Constance Carpenter, Hydrologist, USFS, Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry OH: Scott Brockman, Geologist, Ohio Geologic Survey, PA: Dan Devlin, Chief, Resource Planning, Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry RI: Marie-Louise Smith, USFS, Northeast Forest Experiment Station, Durham, NH TN: Joy Broach, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Milo Pyne, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation VT: Diane Burbank, Ecologist, USFS, Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests Rutland, VT WV: Dr. Kenneth Carvell, Professor Forestry, ret., West Virginia, University Thomas DeMeo, Ecologist, Monongahela National Forest KY, VA, NC, TN, NC, SC, GA, PR, TX, OK: Jim Keys, Soil Scientist; Susan Hooks Ecologist; Henry McNab, Research Forester; Southern Region and Station FL, AL, MS, LA, AR: Jim Keys, Soil Scientist; Susan Hooks, Ecologist; Southern REGIONAL ASSISTANT COMPILERS: Nancy Burt, Soil Scientist, Green Mountain National Forest Sally Browning, Soil Scientist, Nantahala National Forest Tom Collins, Geologist, Jefferson National Forest Steve Croy, Ecologist, George Washington National Forest Art Degaetano, Climatologist, Northeast Regional Climate Center; Rob Evans, Ecologist, National Forests in Texas Brian Fitch, Soil Scientist, Shawnee National Forest Roger Fryar, Silviculturist, Cherokee National Forest Julia Gibbons, Soil Scientist, Ozark National Forest Art Goddard, National Forests in Alabama Doug Hattersley, Geologist, Southern Region Linda Houston, Geologist, Allegheny National Forest Dave Lacy, Archaeologist, Green Mountain National Forest Lance Lindwall, Forest Geologist, Huron-Manistee National Forest William Moriarity, Soil Scientist, Allegheny National Forest John Nesser, Regional Soil Scientist, Missoula, MT. John Novosad, Soil Scientist, Kisatchie National Forest Eunice Padley, Ecologist, USFS Eastern Regional Office Bill Pell, Ouachita National Forest Wendy Pistrang, Chattahoochee National Forest Robert Maini, Environmental Scientist, University of New Hampshire-Durham Lynda Richards, Ecologist, Mark Twain National Forest, Rolla, MO Dick Rightmyer, Soil Scientist, Chattahoochee National Forest Robin Roecker, Ecologist, Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests Steve Roy, Fishery Biologist, Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests Bobby Scott, Soil Scientist, Cherokee National Forest Steve Simon, Ecologist, National Forests in North Carolina David Taylor, Ecologist, Daniel Boone National Forest Linda Tracy, Geologist, Monongahela National Forest Kenneth Vogt, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Columbia, MO Jon Walker, Hydrologist, Daniel Boone National Forest Linton Wright, Soil Scientist, Monongahela National Forest It is impossible to properly thank all the folks from the various state, federal, and non-government organizations that have assisted in this project. The following list, organized subregionally, includes additional people that have provided continued assistance in map unit development, technical review, and information gathering. New England and New York States: Scott Anderson, Asst. State Soil Scientist, NY Charles Cogbill, Ecologist, Plainfield, VT Art Degaetano, Climatologist, Northeast Regional Climate Center, NY Ken Desmaris, New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands Thomas Doake, Forester, Maine State Forest Service Margaret Dochoda, Great Lakes Fishery Commission Rick Enser, Ecologist, State Natural Heritage Programs, RI Laura Falk, Planner, White Mountain National Forest, NH John Gailbraith, Natural Resource Conservation Service, NY Susan Gawler, Ecologist, Maine State Natural Heritage Program Tyrone Goddard, State Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, NY Steve Gorley, Asst. State Soil Scientist, VT Willis Hanna, Retired State Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation, NY Wayne Hoar, Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, ME Steve Hundley, State Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, NH Norm Kalloch, State Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, ME Kippen Kolesinskas, State Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, CT John Lanier, New Hampshire Fish and Game Department Bill Leak, Research Silviculturist, Northeast Forest Experiment Station, NH Jay Majowski, Forester, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation Janet McMahon, Ecologist, The Maine Chapter of The Nature Conservancy Kenneth Metzer, Ecologist, State Natural Heritage Program Thomas Minor, New Hampshire Division of Forests and Lands William Moriarity, Soil Scientist, Allegheny National Forest Bill Moulton, Forester, Vermont Department of Forest, Parks, and Recreation Sid Pilgrim, ret. State Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, NH Bob Popp, Botanist, Vermont Nongame and Natural Heritage Program David Publicover, Ecologist, Appalachian Mountain Club Carol Reschke, Ecologist, New York Natural Heritage Program Bill Rivers, Forester, Massachusettes Division of Forests and Parks Clint Rumrill, New York Division of Lands and Forests Dick Scanu, Asst. State Conservationist, Natural Resource Conservation Service Greg Schmidt, New York Division of Lands and Forests Dan Sperduto, Ecologist, New Hampshire Natural Heritage Programs: Brian Stone, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation Patricia Swain, Ecologist, Massachusettes Natural Heritage Programs: William Taylor, Asst. State Soil Scientist, MA Elizabeth Thompson, Ecologist, Vermont Nongame Natural Heritage Programs: Tom Villars, Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service, VT Mariko Yamasaki, Wildlife Biologist, Northeast Forest Experiment Station Mid Atlantic States Ashton Berdine, Ecologist, Maryland Natural Heritage Program Thomas Breden, Ecologist, New Jersey, Natural Heritage Program Charles Bier, Ecologist, Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Tony Davis, Ecologist, Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Randy Durner, Allegheny National Forest Dennis Hull, Geologist, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Louis Iverson, Research Ecologist, Northeast Forest Experiment Station Don Karas, Forester, Ohio Department of Natural Resources Julie Lundgren, Ecologist, Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Linda Tracy, Geologist, Monongahela National Forest Paul Trianosky, Ecologist, The Nature Conservancy Jeffrey Wagner, Ecologist, Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Bob Whipkey, Assistant Dep. Adm. Forester, WV Division of Forestry, Lake States: Dennis Albert, Michigan Natural Features Inventory Stu Behling, Geologist, Superior National Forest Robert Berrisford, Hydrologist, Superior National Forest Jeff Cardille, Land Information and Computer Graphic Facility, Univ of Wisconsin-Madison Dave Cleland, Ecologist, North Central Forest Experiment Station Tom Crow, Project Leader, North Central Forest Experiment Station Dan Hanson, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Brian Hargrave, Soil Scientist, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Dave Hoppe, Soil Scientist, Nicolet National Forest George Host, Natural Resources Research Institure, Univ. of Minnesota Dave Hvizdack, Area Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service Robert Kari, Soils Scientist, Superior National Forest Joe Kovach, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Dave Omernik, Area Soil Scientist, Natural Resource Conservation Service Sherry Phillips, Soil Scientist, Superior National Forest Dave Roberts, Soil Conservationist, Natural Resource Conservation Service Kirsten Seleen, Hiawatha National Forest, Janet Sibernagel, Hiawatha National Forest Judith Sikes, Ottawa National Forest John Wright, Wildlife Biologist, North Central Experiment Station Darrell Zastrow, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Iowa and Border States: Jerry Freeouf, Regional Soil Scientist, Lakewood, CO Kelly Kindscher, Ecologist, Kansas Natural Heritage Program John Pearson, Iowa Department of Natural Resources CORRELATION OF GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTIONS: Andrew Rorick, Eastern Region Geologist, Shawnee National Forest Jim Keys, Soil Scientist, Southern Region GIS/CARTOGRAPHY: Susan DeLost, Cartographer, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Harold H. Greenlee, Cartographer, Geometronics, Southern Region Mike Hamby, Unit Leader, Geometronics Services, Southern Region Thomas Luther, GIS Analyst, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Joe W. Stallings, Cartographer, Geometronics, Southern Region John Wright, Wildlife Biologist, North Central Forest Experiment Station NATIONAL COORDINATION OF CARTOGRAPHY AND MAP DESIGN: Robert G. Bailey, Geographer/Cartographer, Washington Office Walter E. Russell, Soil Scientist, Washington Office SELECTED REFERENCES USED BY THE EASTERN REGION Albert, D. 1994. Regional Landscape Ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, A working map and classification (Fourth Revision: July 1994) : Michigan Natural Features Inventory Billings, M.P. 1956. The geology of New Hampshire: Part II - bedrock geology, Concord, NH: New Hampshire State Planning and Development Commission. 203 p. Dickenson, N.R. 1979. A division of southern and western New York state into ecological zones. Federal Aid to Fish and Wildlife Restoration Project. W-162-R. 56 p. Doll, C.G., W.M. Cady, J.B. Thompson, Jr., M.P. Billings. 1961. Centennial geologic map of Vermont. Vt. Geol. Surv. Faber-Langendoen, D. (Editor) 1993 Midwest Regional Community Classification Framework, 1995 Update. The Nature Conservancy, Midwest Heritage Task Forece, Minneapolis, MN, USA 34 pp. Germain, C. and Hole, F.D. 1994. Natural regions of Wisconsin. Griffin, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Pierson, S.M. Hargrave, B., 1993 Draft. The Upper Levels of an Ecological Classification System for Minnesota. State of Minnesota, DNR Forestry. Homoya, M.A., D.B. Abrell, J.R. Aldrich, T.W. Post. 1985. The Natural Regions of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science. Vol. 94. Division of Nature Preserves, Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, IN p245-268. Isachsen, Y.W., E. Landing, J.M. Lauber, L.V. Rickard, and W.B.Rogers, editors. 1991. Geology of New York a simplified account. New York State Museum/Geological Survey. The University of the State of New York, albany, NY 12230. Jacobs, E.C. 1950. The physical feature of Vermont. Vt. St. Dev. Dept. and Vt. Geol. Surv. Montpelier, Vt. 169 p. Linebeck, J.E., 1979, Quaternary deposits of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Map, Scale 1:500,000. McMahon, J.S. 1990. The biophysical regions of Maine: Patterns in the landscape and vegetation. Orono, ME: University of maine. 119 p. Thesis. Omernik, J.M., Griffith, G.E., and Pierson, S.M., 1993. Ecoregion and Western Corn Belt Plains, Subregions of Iowa. map. Prior, Jean C. 1991. Landforms of Iowa. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, Iowa. Rogers, W.B., Y.W. Isachsen, T.D. Mock, and R.E. Nyahay. 1990. New York State geological highway map. Educational leaflet 33. The University of the State of New York. The State Education Department, New York State Geological Survey, New York State Museum Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230. Schwegman, J.E. and others, 1973, Natural divisions of Illinois: Illinois Nature Preserves Commision, Rockford Illinois, Map 1:1,000,000, Report 32 p. Sneddon, L.; Anderson, M., and Metzler, K. 1994. A classification and description of terrestrial community alliances in the Nature conservancy's Eastern Region. Boston, MA: The Nature Conservancy - Eastern Region. 124p. Smith, M.L. and Carpenter, C. 1996. Application of the USDA Forest Service National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units at the Subregional Level: The New England-New York Example, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol 39, 187-198 Will, G.B., Stumvoll, R.D., Gotie, R.F., Smith, E.S., 1982. The ecological zones of Northern New York. New York Fish and Game Journal, Vol 29, No. 1. January, 25p. Willman, H.B. and others, 1967, Geologic Map of Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey Map, Scale 1:500,000. Willman, H.B. and others, 1975, Handbook of Illinois stratigraphy: Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin 95, 261 p. SELECTED REFERENCES USED BY THE SOUTHERN REGION Campbell, J.J.N. 1989. Historical evidence of forest composition in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Seventh Central Hardwood Forest Conference. Carbondale, IL. p 231-246. Cheshire, H.M. 1982. A physiographic system of forestland classification for North Carolina. Thesis. N.C. State University. 56 p. Cowardin, L.M.; Carter, V.; Golet, F.F.; LaRoe, E.T. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 131 p. Evans, D.L.; Burns, P.Y.; Linnartzs, N.E.; Robinson, C.J. 1983. Forest habitat regions of Louisiana. Research Report No. 1. School of Forestry and Wildlife Management. Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station. 23 p. Hodgkins, E.J.; Golden, M.S.; Miller, W.F. 1979. Forest habitat regions and types on a photomorphic-physiographic basis: A guide to forest site classification in Alabama-Mississippi. Southern Coop Series No. 210. 64 p. Myers, R.K.; Zahner, R. Jones, S.M. 1986. Forest habitat regions of South Carolina. Forest Research Series No. 42. Department of Forestry. Clemson University. 31 p. Pehl, C.E.; Brim, R.L. 1985. Forest habit regions of Georgia, Landsat IV imagery. Special Publication 31. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. 12 p. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1981. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States. Agricultural Handbook 296. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 156 p. Weakley, A.; and others. 1995. A vegetation classification for the Southeastern United States. Chapel Hill, NC: The Nature Conservancy - Southeast Regional Office. 205 p. SCIENTIFIC NAMES/VEGETATIVE SPECIES This list contains the scientific names of common vegetative species that comprise alliances of potential natural communities used in this table. Common names follow those used by Weakley and others (1995). American Beech - Fagus grandifolia American Elm - Ulmus americana Ashe's Red-Cedar - Juniperus ashei Atlantic White Cedar - Chamaecyparis thyoides Bald Cypress - Taxodium distichum Bayahonda - Prosopis pallida Big Bluestem - Andropogon gerardii Bitter-nut Hickory - Carya cordiformis Black Oak - Quercus velutina Black Ash - Fraxinus nigra Black Hickory - Carya texana Blackjack Oak - Quercus marilandica Black Needlerush - Juncus roemerianus Cabbage Palmetto - Sabal palmetto Cherrybark Oak - Quercus pagoda Chestnut Oak (Rock Chestnut Oak) - Quercus prinus Chinquapin Oak - Quercus muehlenbergii Diamondleaf Oak - Quercus laurifolia Dildo - Pilosocerens rodyenii Dove Plum - Coccoloba diversifolia Eastern Juniper - Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana Erizo - Melocactus intortus Fraser Fir - Abies fraseri Green Ash - Fraxinus pennsylvanica Gulf Cordgrass - Spartina spartinae Gulf-Dune Paspalum - Paspalum monostachyam Gumbo Limbo - Bursera simaruba Hackberry - Celtis occidentalis Honey Mesquite - Prosopis glandulosa Little Bluestem - Schizachyrium scoparium Live Oak - Quercus virginiana Loblolly Bay - Gordonia lasianthus Loblolly Pine - Pinus taeda Longleaf Pine - Pinus palustris Mamey - Mammea americana Melon de Costa - Melocactus intortus Mockernut Hickory - Carya alba Montillo - Sloanea berteriana Northern Red Oak - Quercus rubra Overcup Oak - Quercus lyrata Oxhorn Bucida - Bucida buceras Palma de Sierra - Prestoea montana Pignut Hickory - Carya glabra Pitch Pine - Pinus rigida Pocosin Pine - Pinus serotina Poisonwood - Metopium toxiferum Pond Cypress - Taxodium ascendens Pond Pine - Pinus serotina Post Oak - Quercus stellata Red Mangrove - Rhizophora mangle Red Spruce - Picea rubens River Birch - Betula nigra Salt Grass - Distichlis spicata Saltmarsh Cordgrass - Spartina alterniflora Saltwort - Batis maritima Sand Hickory - Carya pallida Sand Pine - Pinus clausa Saw Palmetto - Serenoa repens Sawgrass - Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense Scarlet Oak - Quercus coccinea Sebucan - Pilosocerens rodyenii Shagbark Hickory - Carya ovata Shumard Oak - Quercus shumardii Sierra Palm - Prestoea montana Slash Pine - Pinus elliottii var elliottii Southern hairgrass - Muhlengergia filipes Southern Red Oak - Quercus falcata South Florida Slash Pine - Pinus elliottii var. densa Shortleaf Pine - Pinus echinata Spanish Stopper - Eugenia foetida Strangler Fig - Ficus aurea Sugarberry - Celtis laevigata Sugar Maple - Acer saccharum Swamp Laurel Oak - Quercus laurifolia Swamp Ti-Ti - Cyrilla racemiflora Sweetgum - Liquidambar styraciflua Switchgrass - Panicum virgatum Tabonuco - Dacryodes excelsa Turk's Cap Cactus - Melocactus intortus Sycamore - Platanus occidentalis Tracy's Beaksedge - Rhynchospora tracyi Uvilla - Coccoloba diversifolia Virginia Pine - Pinus virginiana Water Oak - Quercus nigra Water Tupelo - Nyssa aquatica White Oak - Quercus alba White Pine - Pinus strobus Willow Oak - Quercus phellos Yaupon Holly - Ilex vomitoria Yellow Birch - Betula alleghaniensis Yellow Buckeye - Aesculus flava Yellow Indian-grass - Sorghastrum nutans Yellow Poplar - Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow Water Lily (Spatterdock) - Nuphar lutea 19