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Southern Forest Resource Assessmentled by the USDA Forest Service's Southern Region and Southern Research Station in collaboration with the USEPA, US Fish & Wildlife, TVA, and state forestry agencies of the Southern United States |
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Broad Category: Watersheds, Aquatic/Riparian Ecosystems, and Forested Wetlands
Problem Statement: No comprehensive, cohesive assemblage of BMP compliance and effectiveness data exists for the South.
Question AQUA-4: What are the implementation rates and effectiveness of BMP's in the South?
Question Manager: Bruce Prud'homme, USDA Forest Service/EPA Liaison
Specific points to be addressed in answering the question:
- Document the implementation/compliance rates for BMP's by state.
- Evaluate factors influencing sediment production and effective measures for reducing sedimentation.
- Define the full range of benefits deriving from BMP's.
- Document implementation rates for BMP's by ownership class.
- Address the effectiveness of regulatory and non-regulatory state programs for protecting water quality.
- Document the effectiveness of BMPs in protecting water quality.
Overview:
Methods of analysis:
We will contact the State Foresters in the 13 Southeastern states requesting BMP implementation and effectiveness monitoring reports. From these reports, data will be extracted, compiled, analyzed and displayed to demonstrate BMP compliance rates and trends by state, physiographic region, ownership class, and by BMP category. Requests will go out to the states by mid-March 2000. Data will be compiled and analyzed by June 15.
Pertinent research agencies/organizations will be contacted as part of a literature review in the field of BMP effectiveness. These requests will go out by mid-March. Existing information on BMP effectiveness will be used in the discussion of the development of BMPs.
State Foresters will be surveyed Spring 2000 by NCASI on BMP Program structure and success. A copy of the NCASI survey will be requested and utilized in the comparison of regulatory versus non-regulatory BMP Programs. In particular, state programs will be reviewed to see how they deal with BMP non-compliance where water quality is impacted.
Data Sources:
State BMP Implementation Monitoring Reports
State BMP Effectiveness Monitoring Reports
NASF BMP Survey
Southern Research Station literature review
Dissmeyer BMP literature review
University research
Products:
- Tabular presentation of BMP's by state.
- Charts, graphs, & summaries of BMP compliance by state.
- Map of Southeast, demonstrating degree of regulation by state.
- Chart of overall BMP compliance over time for states with multiple surveys to demonstrate the degree of BMP Program success.
Collaborators and Sources:
USDA Forest Service
US EPA
Southeastern State Forestry Agencies
Environmental Defense
NCASI
Southeastern Universities
Links to other questions:
The issue of "evaluating factors influencing sediment production and effective measures for reducing sedimentation" is covered in Question 3: How have forest management activities and other forest uses influenced water quality and aquatic habitat in forested watersheds?
Unresolved Issues:
There is a need for more BMP effectiveness monitoring data to be collected across the South. BMPs should be tested over a variety of physiographic regions.
Cited and Other Relevant Literature:
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq). Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Adams, T.O. and D.D. Hook. 1994. Compliance with Silvicultural Best Management Practices on Harvested Sites in South Carolina. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18(4):163-167.
Adams, T.O., D.D. Hook, and M.A. Floyd. 1995. Effectiveness Monitoring of Silvicultural Best Management Practices in South Carolina. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 19(4):170-176.
Adams, T.O. 1998. Implementation Monitoring of Forestry Best Management Practices for Site Preparation in South Carolina. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 22(2):74-80.
American Forest & Paper Association (AF & PA) and Wisconsin Paper Council. 1993. State Forest Practices Throughout The United States. Washington, D.C.: American Forest & Paper Association.
Binkley, D. and L. MacDonald. 1994. Forests as non-point sources of pollution, and effectiveness of best management practices. NCASI Technical bulletin No 672.
Bureau of Laboratories, 1997. Biological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Forestry Best Management Practices. Report. Florida Dep. Environ. Prot., Tallahassee, p. 49.
Bureau of Land Management. 1991. Phoenix Training Center, Course Number 7000-9. Nonpoint Source Pollution Control on Federal Land.
Commerford, N.B., D.G. Neary, and R.G. Mansell, 1992. The effectiveness of buffer strips for ameliorating offsite transport of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from silvicultural operations. NCASI Technical bulletin No 631.
Commerford, N.B., Neary, D.G., Mansell, R.S., 1992. The effectiveness of buffer strips for ameliorating offsite transport of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from silvicultural operations. Nat. Council of the Paper Ind. For Air and Stream Improvement, Tech. Bull. No. 63, p. 48.
Cubbage, F. W. 1995. Regulation of private forest practices: What rights, which policies? Journal of Forestry (June).
Dissmeyer, G. E. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Forestry Best Management Practices in Meeting Water Quality Goals or Standards. 1994. USDA Forest Service. Miscellaneous Publication 1520.
Division of Forestry, 1997. Results of the 1997 Silviculture BMP Compliance Survey. Florida Dep. Agric. Consumer Serv., Tallahassee, p. 39.
Dunne, Thomas and Luna B. Leopold. 1978. Water in Environmental Planing. W. H. Freemont and Co.
Ellefson, P. V. and A. S. Cheng. 1994. State forest practice programs: Regulation of private forestry comes of age. Journal of Forestry (May).
Ellefson, P. V., A. S. Cheng, and R. J. Moulton. 1995. Regulation of private forestry practices by state governments. Station Bulletin 605-1995. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
Essig, D.A. 1991. The National Association of State Foresters report of survey results: implementation of silvicultural nonpoint source programs in the United States. Montana Department of State Lands, Missoula.
Goldman, Steven J., Katherine Jackson, Taras A. Bursztynsky. Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Hewlett, J.D., 1979. Forest Water Quality: An Experiment in Harvesting and Regenerating Piedmont Forest, A Ga. For. Res. Pap., University of Georgia, Athens, GA, p. 22.
Leopold, Luna B., M. Gordon Wolman, and John P. Miller. Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY. 1995.
Lickwar, P.M., C.A. Hickman, and F.W. Cubbage. 1990. Current southern state programs for control of forestry nonpoint source pollution. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14:64-69.
Lynch, J.A. E.S. Corbett, K. Mussallem. 1985. Best management practices for controlling nonpoint-source pollution on forested watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40: 164-167.
Lynch, J.A., E.S. Corbett. 1990. Evaluation of best management practices of controlling nonpoint pollution from silvicultural operations. Water Resources Bulletin 26 (1):41-52.
NCASI. 1999. Silviculture and Water Quality: A Quarter Century of Clean Water Act Progress. Special Report NO 99-06. 1999. 15 pp.
Plafkin, J.L., Barbour, M.T, Porter, K.D., Gross, S.K., Hughes, R.M., 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for use in Streams and Rivers: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. U.S. Environ. Prot. Ag., EPA/440/4-89-001, Assessment and Watershed Protection Division, Washington, D.C. p. 187.
Rosgen, D.L. 1996. Wildland Hydrology. Pagosa Springs, CO.
Shepard, J.P., 1994. Effects of forest management on surface water quality in wetland forests. Wetlands 14, 18-26.