Skip to main content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

A National Study of Constraints to Participation in Outdoor Recreational Activities

Informally Refereed

Abstract

A number of studies have shown that certain groups in American society (e.g., Blacks, women, urban dwellers) can encounter barriers or perceived constraints to participation in outdoor recreation. Early research on constraints focused on racial or gender differences. More recent research has examined the effects of income, education, age, and place of residence (Arnold and Shinew 1998). However, despite the growth of research on constraints, few studies have examined how social factors (e.g., access, services, health) may constrain participation in outdoor recreation.

Citation

Green, Gary T.; Bowker, J.M.; Wang, X.F.; Cordell, K.; Johnson, Cassandra Y. 2012. A National Study of Constraints to Participation in Outdoor Recreational Activities. In: Cordell, H. Ken, ed. 2012. Outdoor Recreation Trends and Futures. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-150. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Southern Research Station. 70-74.
https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/treesearch/42114